Unit 4 Flashcards
- the data is incorporated into a paragraph of text
- used if there are a few numbers to be presented
- interprets the data
- simplest form
Textual presentation
- the systematic organization of data in rows and columns.
- accurate representation
- focuses on details
Tabular presentation
Parts of a formal statistical table
- Heading
- Box Head
- Stub
- Field
- Source Note
- Footnote
consist of a table number, title, and headnote
Heading
- must answer the what, how, where, and when of the data
- a brief statement of the nature, classification and time reference of the information presented and the area to which the statistics refer
title
statement enclosed in brackets between the table title and the top rule of the table that provides additional title information.
headnote
the portion of the table that contains the column heads which describe the data in each column, together with the needed classifying and
qualifying spanner heads
box head
several column head
spanner head
the portion of the table usually comprising the first column on the left, in which the stubhead and row captions, together with the needed classifying and qualifying center head and subheads are located.
stub
describes the stub listing as a whole in terms of the classification
presented
stubhead
descriptive title of the data on the given line.
row caption
main part of the table; contains the substance or the figures of the data
field
an exact citation of the source of data presented in the table
(should always be placed when the figures are not original).
source note
any statement or note inserted at the bottom of the table
footnote
device for showing numerical values in pictorial form.
graph or chart
qualities of a good graph
- accuracy
- clarity
- simplicity
- appearance
types of statistical charts
- line chart
- column chart
- horizontal bar chart
- pie chart
- pictograph
- statistical maps
- graphical presentation of data especially useful for showing trends over a period of time
- emphasis is on the movement
- x-axis refers to time and y-axis is the variable of interest
- recommended ratio of height to width should be 2:3 or 3:4
- in here, we can see the highest and the lowest points
line chart
- also known as the vertical bar chart
- used in qualitative and ordinal variables
- shows comparisons of amount of variable of interest collected over time or
across ordered categories. - emphasis is on the magnitude of the data set
- usual space between bars is around one-fourth of the width of the column
column chart
- a graph that is mostly used for qualitative data nominal types given a specific time
- compares the magnitudes of the different categories of a qualitative variable
- x-axis: amount or number
- y-axis: categories of the qualitative variable
- length of the bar represents the value for the category
- the spaces in between the bars may be one-fifth to one-half of the width of the bar
- arranging the bars according to length facilitates comparisons
horizontal bar chart
- used in qualitative data with 2-6 categories
- a circular graph that is useful in showing how a total quantity is distributed among a group of categories
pie chart
- a pictorial chart in which each symbol represents a definite and uniform
value - it gives an approximation only of the actual figures
pictograph
- a graphical presentation that shows data in geographical areas.
- the figures in the map can be numbers, ratios, rates, percentages, and inches.
statistical maps
alternative method for describing a set of data. It presents a histogram-like picture of the data, while allowing the experimenter to retain the actual observed values of each data point.
stem-and-leaf display
graphical presentation of data distribution
- histogram
- density plot
a graph that is used to summarize numerical data by showing the number or percentage of points that fall within a specific range of values (often called bins).
histogram
a representation of the distribution of a numerical variable. It is a smoothed version of the histogram and can be interpreted in the same manner
density plot
