Unit 4

Question 1

Ivan Pavlov

Answer 1

a scientist known for discovering classical conditioning using dogs

Question 2

learning

Answer 2

gaining new knowledge skills through experience or teaching

Question 3

associative learning

Answer 3

learning by linking two things together, like a stimulus and a response

Question 4

classical conditioning

Answer 4

learning where a natural response becomes triggered by a new stimulus

Question 5

behaviorism

Answer 5

a theory that focuses on studying observable behaviors, not thoughts or feelings

Question 6

unconditioned response

Answer 6

a natural reaction that happens automatically, like salivating at food

Question 7

unconditioned stimulus

Answer 7

something that naturally causes a response, like food causing salivation

Question 8

conditioned response

Answer 8

a learned response to a previously neutral stimulus

Question 9

conditioned stimulus

Answer 9

a previously neutral thing that, after conditioning, triggers a response

Question 10

acquisition

Answer 10

learning a new behavior through association or reinforcement

Question 11

extinction

Answer 11

gradual weakening of a learned behavior when it’s no longer reinforced

Question 12

spontaneous recovery

Answer 12

takes less time to learn a previously extinguished behavior after a rest period

Question 13

generalization

Answer 13

responding similarly to different but similar stimuli

Question 14

discrimination

Answer 14

learning to respond only to specific stimuli and not others

Question 15

operant conditioning

Answer 15

learning where behavior is controlled by rewards or punishments

Question 16

Law Of Effect

Answer 16

behaviors followed by positive outcomes are more likely to be repeated

Question 17

shaping

Answer 17

gradually teaching a behavior by reinforcing steps toward the final bahavior

Question 18

reinforcement

Answer 18

a consequence that strengthens a behavior

Question 19

positive reinforcement

Answer 19

adding something pleasant to increase behavior

Question 20

negative reinforcement

Answer 20

removing something unpleasant to increase behavior

Question 21

primary reinforcers

Answer 21

naturally satisfying, like food or water

Question 22

conditioned reinforcers

Answer 22

learned rewards, like money

Question 23

continuous reinforcement

Answer 23

reinforcing behavior every time it happens

Question 24

partial reinforcement

Answer 24

reinforcing behavior only sometimes

Question 25

fixed and variable ratio schedules

Answer 25

reinforcing a behavior after a set (fixed) or varying (variable) number of responses

Question 26

interval schedules

Answer 26

reinforcing a behavior after a certain amount of time has passed

Question 27

positive punishment

Answer 27

adding something you don’t want

Question 28

negative punishment

Answer 28

taking away something that you want

Question 29

learned helplessness

Answer 29

accept punishment despite the fact that you are still performing the behavior

Question 30

cognitive map

Answer 30

idea that your brain remembers directions

Question 31

latent learning

Answer 31

learning that occurs without immediate reward but is demonstrated later

Question 32

intrinsic motivation

Answer 32

the desire to perform the behavior for its own sake

Question 33

extrinsic motivation

Answer 33

the desire to perform a behavior due to promised rewards or threats of punishments

Question 34

observational learning

Answer 34

learn by watching others

Question 35

mirror neurons

Answer 35

brain cells that activate when you perform an action or observe someone else doing it

Question 36

albert bandura and social learning theory

Answer 36

bobo doll study. individuals (children) learn through imitating others who receive rewards and punishments