Unit 4 Flashcards
Ivan Pavlov
a scientist known for discovering classical conditioning using dogs
learning
gaining new knowledge skills through experience or teaching
associative learning
learning by linking two things together, like a stimulus and a response
classical conditioning
learning where a natural response becomes triggered by a new stimulus
behaviorism
a theory that focuses on studying observable behaviors, not thoughts or feelings
unconditioned response
a natural reaction that happens automatically, like salivating at food
unconditioned stimulus
something that naturally causes a response, like food causing salivation
conditioned response
a learned response to a previously neutral stimulus
conditioned stimulus
a previously neutral thing that, after conditioning, triggers a response
acquisition
learning a new behavior through association or reinforcement
extinction
gradual weakening of a learned behavior when it’s no longer reinforced
spontaneous recovery
takes less time to learn a previously extinguished behavior after a rest period
generalization
responding similarly to different but similar stimuli
discrimination
learning to respond only to specific stimuli and not others
operant conditioning
learning where behavior is controlled by rewards or punishments
Law Of Effect
behaviors followed by positive outcomes are more likely to be repeated
shaping
gradually teaching a behavior by reinforcing steps toward the final bahavior
reinforcement
a consequence that strengthens a behavior
positive reinforcement
adding something pleasant to increase behavior
negative reinforcement
removing something unpleasant to increase behavior
primary reinforcers
naturally satisfying, like food or water
conditioned reinforcers
learned rewards, like money
continuous reinforcement
reinforcing behavior every time it happens
partial reinforcement
reinforcing behavior only sometimes
fixed and variable ratio schedules
reinforcing a behavior after a set (fixed) or varying (variable) number of responses
interval schedules
reinforcing a behavior after a certain amount of time has passed
positive punishment
adding something you don’t want
negative punishment
taking away something that you want
learned helplessness
accept punishment despite the fact that you are still performing the behavior
cognitive map
idea that your brain remembers directions
latent learning
learning that occurs without immediate reward but is demonstrated later
intrinsic motivation
the desire to perform the behavior for its own sake
extrinsic motivation
the desire to perform a behavior due to promised rewards or threats of punishments
observational learning
learn by watching others
mirror neurons
brain cells that activate when you perform an action or observe someone else doing it
albert bandura and social learning theory
bobo doll study. individuals (children) learn through imitating others who receive rewards and punishments
