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BIO182 > Unit 4 > Flashcards

Unit 4 Flashcards

1
Q

what is digestion?

A

The process of breaking food down into molecules small enough to absorb

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2
Q

What is mechanical digestion?

A

increases the surface of area of food like chewing

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3
Q

What is chemical digestion?

A

splits food into small molecules that can pass through membranes

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4
Q

What is osmosis?

A

The movement of free water molecules through a semipermeable membrane from an area with a high concentration of free water molecules to one with a low concentration of free water molecules. A special case of diffusion.

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5
Q

What is diffusion?

A

A passive process of transport. A single substance moves from a high concentration area until the concentration is equal across a space.

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6
Q

What is a hypotonic solution?

A

When water moves inside the cell

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7
Q

What is a hypertonic solution?

A

When water moves outside the cell

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8
Q

What happens to a hypertonic cell?

A

It will increase in mass

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9
Q

What happens to a hypotonic cell?

A

It will decrease in mass?

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10
Q

What is a gastrovascular cavity?

A

Functions in both digestion and distribution of nutrients in animals with simple bodies

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11
Q

What is an alimentary canal (also called digestive tract)?

A

Have specialized regions that carry out digestion and absorption in a stepwise fashion with mouth and anus in more complex animals

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12
Q

what does the mammalian digestive system consist of?

A

Alimentary canal and accessory glands that secrete digestive juices through ducts

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13
Q

What are some mammalian accessory glands?

A

Salivary glands, pancreas, liver. and gallbladder

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14
Q

what are the stages of mechanical digestion?

A

Chewed food goes from salivary amylase (breakdown glucose), the pharynx (opens to esophagus & trachea), the esophagus (connects to the stomach)

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15
Q

what is food pushed by?

A

peristalsis which is the rhythmic contractions of muscles in the wall of the canal

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16
Q

What is chime?

A

gastric juices that convert a meal to a mixture of food and digestive juices

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17
Q

explain gastric juices

A

Low ph of 2 (kills bacteria and denatures protein, made of HCl and pepsin

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18
Q

What is pepsin?

A

Protease, or protein-digesting enzyme that cleaves proteins into smaller peptides

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19
Q

On the test

A

name the things

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20
Q

how long do stomach contents typically pass into small intestine?

A

2-6 hours after a meal

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21
Q

desribe the small intestine (TEST)

A

longest section of alimentary canal, major organ of digestion and absorption

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22
Q

what is the first portion of the small intestine?

A

the duodenum

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23
Q

what does bile do?

A

aids in digestion and absorption of fats (in small intestine) which is made in the liver and stored in the gallbladder

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24
Q

why does the small intestine have a huge surface area?

A

due to villi and microvilli greatly increasing the rate of nutrient absorption

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25
what is connected to the small intestine?
The colon of the large intestine
26
describe the colon (ie large intestine)
major function is to recover water that has entered the alimentary canal, houses bacteria that live on unabsorbed organic material, some produce vitamins
27
what are feces
include undigested material and bacteria, become more solid as they move through the colon
28
Gathering, processing, and organizing information are essential functions of _________
all nervous systems
29
what is a nerve net?
interconnected nerve cells which control contraction and expansion of the gastrovascular cavity
30
in more complex animals _______ are often bundled together to form nerves which structure & organize info flow through the nervous system
the axon of multiple nerve cells
31
what is cephalization
an evolutionary trend toward clustering sensory neurons at the anterior.... creates a head and an anus
32
flatworms have the simplest _____ consisting of a small brain and longitudinal nerve cords
central nervous system (CNS)
33
what are ganglia?
Annelids and arthropods have segmentally arranged clusters of neurons
34
what do vertebrates CNS and PNS compose of?
CNS is composed of the brain and the spinal cord, PNS is composed of nerves and ganglia
35
in the endocrine system _________ by endocrine cells reach all locations in the body
signaling molecules released into the bloodstream
36
Hormones are?
signaling molecules
37
what does the hypothalamus do?
almond sized region of the brain, controls most neuroendocrine signaling in mammals
38
Only cells with ____ for a certain hormone can respond to it
receptors
38
endocrine cells are grouped in ductless organs called ___
Endocrine glands
39
describe hydrostatic skeleton
consists of fluid held under pressure in a closed body compartment
40
what is exoskeleton?
hard encasement deposited on the surface of the animal, composed of polysaccharide called chitin.... arthropods molt, shedding and regrowing their exoskeleton
41
what is endoskeleton?
consists of hard internal skeleton buried in soft tissue, mammals have more than 200 bones, some fused, some connected by ligaments to joints
42
vertebrate skeletal muscle moves bones and the body and is characterized by a _________
Hierarchy of smaller and smaller units.
43
what does skeletal muscles consist of?
bundle of long fibers, each a single cell, running parallel to the length of the muscle
44
each muscle fiber is itself a bundle of smaller ____, which contain thick and thin filaments
myofibrils
45
gas exchange across respiratory surfaces takes place by _____
diffusion
46
respiratory surfaces.....
tend to be large and thin and are always moist
47
is there less O2 available in water than in air?
True
48
obtaining o2 from water requires _____ energy expenditure than air breathing
greater
49
What does the tracheal system of insects consist of?
Network of air tubes that branch throughout the body
50
The tracheal system can transport O2 and CO2 _______
without the participattion of the animal's open circulatory system
51
What does the circulatory system do?
(open and closed) transports gases between the lungs and the rest of the body
51
lungs are an infolding of the body surface, usually ______
divided into numerous pockets
52
where does gas exchange take place?
In the alveoli (air sacs at the tips of bronchioles)
53
oxygen diffuses through the moist film of the ____ into _____
epithelium, capillaries
54
Where does carbon dioxide diffuse?
from the capillaries across the epithelium and into the air space
55
Does the atmosphere or the ocean hold more oxygen? (TEST)
The atmosphere
56
what do circulatory systems do?
Link exchange surfaces with cells throughout the body
57
how do small molecules like O2 and CO2 move between cells and their immediate surroundings?
diffusion
58
Why are fish gills so efficient?
Because of counter-current exchange
59
What does the circulatory system consist of?
has a circulatory fluid, a set of interconnecting vessels, and a muscular pump, the heart
60
All circulatory systems are either open or closed?
can be either open or closed
61
What class of animals has circulatory fluid bathe _____?
In insects, other arthropods, and some mollusks, circulatory fluid bathes the organs directly in an open circulatory system
62
Humans and other vertebrates have a _____ circulatory system called?
closed, The cardiovascular system?
63
What are the three main types of blood vessels?
Arteries, veins, and capillaries
64
blood flow is _____ in arteries, veins, and capillaries
one-way
65
What do arteries do?
carry blood away from the heart, branching into arterioles and to the capillaries
66
what are capillary beds?
network of capillaries that are the sites of chemical exchange between the blood and the interstitial fluid
67
what do venules do?
converge into veins which return blood to the heart
68
Bony fishes, rays, and sharks have ______
single circulation with a two-chambered heart
69
in a single circulation, where does the blood travel?
blood leaves the heart and passes through two capillary beds before returning
70
(TEST) arthropods have open circulatory system and worms have closed circulatory system diagram
71
What do amphibians and some reptile circulatory systems consist of?
they have double circulation with a three-chambered heart: two atria and one ventricle
72
What do arteries, veins, and capillaries look like? (TEST)
73
What do veins do?
return blood to the heart
74
The ventricle pumps blood into a forked artery that splits the ventricle's __________
output into the pulmocutaneous circuit and the systemic circuit
75
what do mammals' and birds' circulatory systems consist of?
Four-chambered heart with two atria and two ventricles
76
What does the left side of the heart receive?
receives only oxygen-rich blood
77
What does the right side of the heart receive?
only oxygen-poor blood
78
are mammals and birds endotherms or exotherms?
they are endotherms and require more O2 than exotherms
79
what is the largest chamber in the heart?
The left ventricle
80
When looking at the heart diagram, is the left side of the heart left?
No!!!! make sure you know that looking at a diagram is left to right and right to left.
81
what is lymph?
the lymphatic system returns fluid that leaks out from the capillary beds
82
Where does the lymphatic system drain?
into veins in the neck?
83
What do lymph nodes do?
Organs that filter lymph and play an important role in the body's defense
84
What is osmoregulation?
how animals control solute concentrations in the interstitial fluid and balance water gain and loss
85
What does excretion rid the body of in the excretory system?
rids the body of nitrogenous metabolites and other metabolic waste products
86
Marine fish drink _________
large amounts of seawater to balance water loss and excrete salt through their gills and kidneys
87
fresh water fish drink ______
almost no water and replenish salts through eating, some also replenish salts by uptake across gills.
88
pathogens are?
agents that cause disease and infect a wide range of animals
89
what are phagocytic cells
There are three different phagocytic cells that recognize groups of pathogens by troll-like receptors
90
What is neutrophils?
phagocytic cells that engulf and destroy pathogens
91
What are macrophages?
phagocytic cells that are found throughout the body
92
What are dendritic cells?
phagocytic cells that stimulate development of adaptive immunity
93
what do natural killer cells do?
circulate through the body and detect abnormal cells. Release chemicals leading to cell death which inhibits the spread of virally infected or cancerous cells
94
What does the inflammatory response do?
Responds to pain and swelling that is brought about by molecules released upon injury and infection
95
Mast cells are?
a type of connective tissue, releases histamine, which triggers blood vessels to dilate and become more permeable
96
What do cytakins do?
signaling molecules that enhance the immune response
97
what is sexual reproduction
The fusion of male gamete and female gamete to form a zygote
98
What is asexual reproduction
the creation of offspring without the fusion of egg and sperm
99
many invertebrates reproduce asexually by budding which is....
where new individuals arise from outgrowths of existing ones
100
what is fragmentation
the breaking of body into pieces some or all of which develop into adults
101
what is parthenogenesis
the development of a new individual from a unfertilized egg
102
What is hermaphroditism
where individuals have both male and female reproductive systems where some can mate or self-fertilize
103
what does sexual reproduction require
fertilization which is the union of egg and sperm
104
explain external fertilization
where the eggs shed by the female are fertilized by sperm in the external development
105
explain internal fertilization
sperm are deposited in or near the femal reproduction tract and fertilization occurs within the tract
106
what does the integumentary system consist of?
skin, hair, nails, and exocrine glands
107
what is the largest organ in the body
the skin, which protects from UV, chemical, disease, and physical damage
108

BIO182 (2 decks)

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