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BIO182 > Unit 4 > Flashcards

Unit 4 Flashcards

1
Q

what is digestion?

A

The process of breaking food down into molecules small enough to absorb

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2
Q

What is mechanical digestion?

A

increases the surface of area of food like chewing

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3
Q

What is chemical digestion?

A

splits food into small molecules that can pass through membranes

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4
Q

What is osmosis?

A

The movement of free water molecules through a semipermeable membrane from an area with a high concentration of free water molecules to one with a low concentration of free water molecules. A special case of diffusion.

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5
Q

What is diffusion?

A

A passive process of transport. A single substance moves from a high concentration area until the concentration is equal across a space.

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6
Q

What is a hypotonic solution?

A

When water moves inside the cell

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7
Q

What is a hypertonic solution?

A

When water moves outside the cell

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8
Q

What happens to a hypertonic cell?

A

It will increase in mass

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9
Q

What happens to a hypotonic cell?

A

It will decrease in mass?

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10
Q

What is a gastrovascular cavity?

A

Functions in both digestion and distribution of nutrients in animals with simple bodies

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11
Q

What is an alimentary canal (also called digestive tract)?

A

Have specialized regions that carry out digestion and absorption in a stepwise fashion with mouth and anus in more complex animals

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12
Q

what does the mammalian digestive system consist of?

A

Alimentary canal and accessory glands that secrete digestive juices through ducts

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13
Q

What are some mammalian accessory glands?

A

Salivary glands, pancreas, liver. and gallbladder

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14
Q

what are the stages of mechanical digestion?

A

Chewed food goes from salivary amylase (breakdown glucose), the pharynx (opens to esophagus & trachea), the esophagus (connects to the stomach)

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15
Q

what is food pushed by?

A

peristalsis which is the rhythmic contractions of muscles in the wall of the canal

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16
Q

What is chime?

A

gastric juices that convert a meal to a mixture of food and digestive juices

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17
Q

explain gastric juices

A

Low ph of 2 (kills bacteria and denatures protein, made of HCl and pepsin

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18
Q

What is pepsin?

A

Protease, or protein-digesting enzyme that cleaves proteins into smaller peptides

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19
Q

On the test

A

name the things

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20
Q

how long do stomach contents typically pass into small intestine?

A

2-6 hours after a meal

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21
Q

desribe the small intestine (TEST)

A

longest section of alimentary canal, major organ of digestion and absorption

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22
Q

what is the first portion of the small intestine?

A

the duodenum

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23
Q

what does bile do?

A

aids in digestion and absorption of fats (in small intestine) which is made in the liver and stored in the gallbladder

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24
Q

why does the small intestine have a huge surface area?

A

due to villi and microvilli greatly increasing the rate of nutrient absorption

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25
Q

what is connected to the small intestine?

A

The colon of the large intestine

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26
Q

describe the colon (ie large intestine)

A

major function is to recover water that has entered the alimentary canal, houses bacteria that live on unabsorbed organic material, some produce vitamins

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27
Q

what are feces

A

include undigested material and bacteria, become more solid as they move through the colon

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28
Q

Gathering, processing, and organizing information are essential functions of _________

A

all nervous systems

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29
Q

what is a nerve net?

A

interconnected nerve cells which control contraction and expansion of the gastrovascular cavity

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30
Q

in more complex animals _______ are often bundled together to form nerves which structure & organize info flow through the nervous system

A

the axon of multiple nerve cells

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31
Q

what is cephalization

A

an evolutionary trend toward clustering sensory neurons at the anterior…. creates a head and an anus

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32
Q

flatworms have the simplest _____ consisting of a small brain and longitudinal nerve cords

A

central nervous system (CNS)

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33
Q

what are ganglia?

A

Annelids and arthropods have segmentally arranged clusters of neurons

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34
Q

what do vertebrates CNS and PNS compose of?

A

CNS is composed of the brain and the spinal cord, PNS is composed of nerves and ganglia

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35
Q

in the endocrine system _________ by endocrine cells reach all locations in the body

A

signaling molecules released into the bloodstream

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36
Q

Hormones are?

A

signaling molecules

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37
Q

what does the hypothalamus do?

A

almond sized region of the brain, controls most neuroendocrine signaling in mammals

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38
Q

Only cells with ____ for a certain hormone can respond to it

A

receptors

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38
Q

endocrine cells are grouped in ductless organs called ___

A

Endocrine glands

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39
Q

describe hydrostatic skeleton

A

consists of fluid held under pressure in a closed body compartment

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40
Q

what is exoskeleton?

A

hard encasement deposited on the surface of the animal, composed of polysaccharide called chitin…. arthropods molt, shedding and regrowing their exoskeleton

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41
Q

what is endoskeleton?

A

consists of hard internal skeleton buried in soft tissue, mammals have more than 200 bones, some fused, some connected by ligaments to joints

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42
Q

vertebrate skeletal muscle moves bones and the body and is characterized by a _________

A

Hierarchy of smaller and smaller units.

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43
Q

what does skeletal muscles consist of?

A

bundle of long fibers, each a single cell, running parallel to the length of the muscle

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44
Q

each muscle fiber is itself a bundle of smaller ____, which contain thick and thin filaments

A

myofibrils

45
Q

gas exchange across respiratory surfaces takes place by _____

A

diffusion

46
Q

respiratory surfaces…..

A

tend to be large and thin and are always moist

47
Q

is there less O2 available in water than in air?

A

True

48
Q

obtaining o2 from water requires _____ energy expenditure than air breathing

A

greater

49
Q

What does the tracheal system of insects consist of?

A

Network of air tubes that branch throughout the body

50
Q

The tracheal system can transport O2 and CO2 _______

A

without the participattion of the animal’s open circulatory system

51
Q

What does the circulatory system do?

A

(open and closed) transports gases between the lungs and the rest of the body

51
Q

lungs are an infolding of the body surface, usually ______

A

divided into numerous pockets

52
Q

where does gas exchange take place?

A

In the alveoli (air sacs at the tips of bronchioles)

53
Q

oxygen diffuses through the moist film of the ____ into _____

A

epithelium, capillaries

54
Q

Where does carbon dioxide diffuse?

A

from the capillaries across the epithelium and into the air space

55
Q

Does the atmosphere or the ocean hold more oxygen? (TEST)

A

The atmosphere

56
Q

what do circulatory systems do?

A

Link exchange surfaces with cells throughout the body

57
Q

how do small molecules like O2 and CO2 move between cells and their immediate surroundings?

A

diffusion

58
Q

Why are fish gills so efficient?

A

Because of counter-current exchange

59
Q

What does the circulatory system consist of?

A

has a circulatory fluid, a set of interconnecting vessels, and a muscular pump, the heart

60
Q

All circulatory systems are either open or closed?

A

can be either open or closed

61
Q

What class of animals has circulatory fluid bathe _____?

A

In insects, other arthropods, and some mollusks, circulatory fluid bathes the organs directly in an open circulatory system

62
Q

Humans and other vertebrates have a _____ circulatory system called?

A

closed, The cardiovascular system?

63
Q

What are the three main types of blood vessels?

A

Arteries, veins, and capillaries

64
Q

blood flow is _____ in arteries, veins, and capillaries

A

one-way

65
Q

What do arteries do?

A

carry blood away from the heart, branching into arterioles and to the capillaries

66
Q

what are capillary beds?

A

network of capillaries that are the sites of chemical exchange between the blood and the interstitial fluid

67
Q

what do venules do?

A

converge into veins which return blood to the heart

68
Q

Bony fishes, rays, and sharks have ______

A

single circulation with a two-chambered heart

69
Q

in a single circulation, where does the blood travel?

A

blood leaves the heart and passes through two capillary beds before returning

70
Q

(TEST) arthropods have open circulatory system and worms have closed circulatory system diagram

A
71
Q

What do amphibians and some reptile circulatory systems consist of?

A

they have double circulation with a three-chambered heart: two atria and one ventricle

72
Q

What do arteries, veins, and capillaries look like? (TEST)

A
73
Q

What do veins do?

A

return blood to the heart

74
Q

The ventricle pumps blood into a forked artery that splits the ventricle’s __________

A

output into the pulmocutaneous circuit and the systemic circuit

75
Q

what do mammals’ and birds’ circulatory systems consist of?

A

Four-chambered heart with two atria and two ventricles

76
Q

What does the left side of the heart receive?

A

receives only oxygen-rich blood

77
Q

What does the right side of the heart receive?

A

only oxygen-poor blood

78
Q

are mammals and birds endotherms or exotherms?

A

they are endotherms and require more O2 than exotherms

79
Q

what is the largest chamber in the heart?

A

The left ventricle

80
Q

When looking at the heart diagram, is the left side of the heart left?

A

No!!!! make sure you know that looking at a diagram is left to right and right to left.

81
Q

what is lymph?

A

the lymphatic system returns fluid that leaks out from the capillary beds

82
Q

Where does the lymphatic system drain?

A

into veins in the neck?

83
Q

What do lymph nodes do?

A

Organs that filter lymph and play an important role in the body’s defense

84
Q

What is osmoregulation?

A

how animals control solute concentrations in the interstitial fluid and balance water gain and loss

85
Q

What does excretion rid the body of in the excretory system?

A

rids the body of nitrogenous metabolites and other metabolic waste products

86
Q

Marine fish drink _________

A

large amounts of seawater to balance water loss and excrete salt through their gills and kidneys

87
Q

fresh water fish drink ______

A

almost no water and replenish salts through eating, some also replenish salts by uptake across gills.

88
Q

pathogens are?

A

agents that cause disease and infect a wide range of animals

89
Q

what are phagocytic cells

A

There are three different phagocytic cells that recognize groups of pathogens by troll-like receptors

90
Q

What is neutrophils?

A

phagocytic cells that engulf and destroy pathogens

91
Q

What are macrophages?

A

phagocytic cells that are found throughout the body

92
Q

What are dendritic cells?

A

phagocytic cells that stimulate development of adaptive immunity

93
Q

what do natural killer cells do?

A

circulate through the body and detect abnormal cells. Release chemicals leading to cell death which inhibits the spread of virally infected or cancerous cells

94
Q

What does the inflammatory response do?

A

Responds to pain and swelling that is brought about by molecules released upon injury and infection

95
Q

Mast cells are?

A

a type of connective tissue, releases histamine, which triggers blood vessels to dilate and become more permeable

96
Q

What do cytakins do?

A

signaling molecules that enhance the immune response

97
Q

what is sexual reproduction

A

The fusion of male gamete and female gamete to form a zygote

98
Q

What is asexual reproduction

A

the creation of offspring without the fusion of egg and sperm

99
Q

many invertebrates reproduce asexually by budding which is….

A

where new individuals arise from outgrowths of existing ones

100
Q

what is fragmentation

A

the breaking of body into pieces some or all of which develop into adults

101
Q

what is parthenogenesis

A

the development of a new individual from a unfertilized egg

102
Q

What is hermaphroditism

A

where individuals have both male and female reproductive systems where some can mate or self-fertilize

103
Q

what does sexual reproduction require

A

fertilization which is the union of egg and sperm

104
Q

explain external fertilization

A

where the eggs shed by the female are fertilized by sperm in the external development

105
Q

explain internal fertilization

A

sperm are deposited in or near the femal reproduction tract and fertilization occurs within the tract

106
Q

what does the integumentary system consist of?

A

skin, hair, nails, and exocrine glands

107
Q

what is the largest organ in the body

A

the skin, which protects from UV, chemical, disease, and physical damage

108
Q
A

BIO182 (2 decks)

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