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Pop Health > Unit 4 > Flashcards

Unit 4 Flashcards

1
Q

What is an example of damage to the central nervous system

A

Spina Bifida

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2
Q

What are the 8 systemic effects

A

Metabolic
Cardiovascular
Muscle effects
Elimination
Respiratory
Musculoskeletal changes
Skeletal effects
Integumentary

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3
Q

What are metabolic systemic effects

A

Endocrine
Calcium absorption

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4
Q

What are cardiovascular systemic effects

A

Orthostatic hypotension
Thrombus

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5
Q

What are muscle systemic effects

A

Loss of muscle mass
Muscle atrophy

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6
Q

What are elimination systemic effects

A

Urinary stasis—leading to UTI
Renal calculi (kidney stones)
GI function—constipation parastalsis slows down

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7
Q

What are Respiratory systemic effects

A

Atelectasis (Collapsed lung)
Hypostatic pneumonia (lack of movement infection in the lung)

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8
Q

What are musculoskeletal changes systemic effects

A

Loss of endurance and muscle mass and decreased stability and balance.
Contractures—involuntary shortening of ligaments

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9
Q

What are skeletal effects systemic effects

A

Impaired calcium absorption
Joint abnormalities

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10
Q

What is integumentary systemic effects

A

Pressure ulcer
Ischemia

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11
Q

Immobile patients are at high risk for developing pulmonary complications such as….

A

Atelectasis
Hypostatic pneumonia

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12
Q

What can we do to prevent immobile patients from developing pulmonary complications

A

Insentive spirometer
Cough and deep breathe

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13
Q

How does immobility increase cardiac overload

A

No muscles moving, heart works harder to get blood to move

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14
Q

What are the cardiovascular changes due to immobility

A

Orthostatic hypotension
Increased cardiac workload
Thrombus formation—DVT

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15
Q

What do you do to prevent urinary elimination complications with immobile patients

A

Monitor I and Os
Proper pericare
Hydrate
Toileting schedule

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16
Q

Emotional and behavioral responses, sensory alterations, and changes in coping are all examples of what immobility effect

A

Psychosocial effects—-
Emotional and behavior—hostility, fear, anxiety
Sensory-altered sleep patterns
Changes in coping—depression, sadness,

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17
Q

What are some developmental changes in immobile infants, toddlers

A

Prolonged immobility delays gross motor skills, intellectual development, or musculoskeletal development

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18
Q

What are the developmental changes in immobile adolescents

A

Delayed in gaining independence and in accomplishing skills
Social isolation can occur

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19
Q

What are the developmental changes in immobile adults

A

Physiological systems are at risk
Changes in family and social structures

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20
Q

What are the developmental changes in immobile older adults

A

Decreased physical activity
Hormonal changes
Bone reabsorption

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21
Q

What is a smart goal

A

Specific
Measureable
Achievable
Realistic
Timely

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22
Q

What are the three pressure related factors contributing to development of pressure injuries ?

A

Pressure intensity
Pressure duration
Tissue tolerance

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23
Q

What are risk factors for pressure ulcer development?

A

Impaired sensory
Impaired mobility
Alteration in LOC
Shear
Friction
Moisture
Dietary intake

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24
Q

What is the classification of pressure injuries

A

Stage 1- non blanchable erythema of intact skin
Stage 2-partial-thickness skin loss with exposed dermis
Stage 3-full-thickness skin loss
Stage 4- Full thickness skin and tissue loss (down to bone)

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25
Q

What is the definition of Unstageable pressure injury

A

Full-thickness skin and tissue loss obscured by slough or Escher

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26
Q

Define a deep-tissue pressure injury

A

Localized area of non-blanchable dark discoloration, or epidermal separation with dark wound bed or blood filled blister

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27
Q

How do you document wound classification

A

Describe onset, duration of healing process

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28
Q

What are some economic consequences of pressure injuries

A

-billions of dollars
-Medicare and Medicaid no longer reimburses for care related to stage 3 and stage 4 pressure injuries occurring in hospitalization

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29
Q

What are some factors influencing pressure injury formation and wound healing?

A

Nutrition
Tissue perfusion
Infection
Age
Psychosocial impact of wounds

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30
Q

Your client is an 80 year old male who is visiting the clinic today for a routine physical examination. The client’s skin turgor is fair, but the client reports fatigue and weakness. The skin is warm and dry, pulse is 116 beats/min, and urine is concentrated. which instructions should the nurse provide

A

Drink more water to prevent further dehydration

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31
Q

How often do you turn patients to prevent pressure injuries

A

1 to 2 hours

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32
Q

What are dressings to treat pressure injuries

A

Gauze sponges
Transparent adhesive film
Hyrocolloid dressings

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33
Q

What are some reasons for ostomies

A

Cancer, IBD, diverticulitis, Trauma, congenital abnormalities

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34
Q

What is the definition of a food desert?

A

Grocery stores 1 mile away

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35
Q

T/F decreased food security can lead to poor patient outcomes, longer hospital admissions due to delayed healing

A

T

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36
Q

What does BMR mean

A

Basic metabolic rate is the energy needed at rest to maintain life-sustaining activities
Breathing
Circulation
Heart rate
Temperature

37
Q

What is REE

A

Resting energy expenditure is the amount of energy you need to consume over 24 hour period for your body to maintain all of its internal working activities while at rest

38
Q

What are some factors that would affect REE

A

Illness, pregnancy, activity level and lactation

39
Q

What are the 6 nutrients

A

Carbohydrates
Protein
Fats
Water
Vitamins
Minerals

40
Q

What are proteins essential for

A

Essential for growth, maintenance, and repair of body tissue

41
Q

What are complete protein?

A

High quality protein, contains all amino acids in sufficient quantity to support growth and maintain nitrogen balance

42
Q

What is the most calorie-dense nutrient

A

Fats

43
Q

What are fats comprised of?

A

Composed of triglycerides and fatty acids

44
Q

What percentage of water takes up the weight of the body?

A

60%-70% of total body weight

45
Q

T/F vitamins are inorganic substances present in small amount in foods that are essential to normal metabolism

A

False
Vitamins are organic substances present in small amounts in foods that are esssential to normal metabolism

46
Q

What are the fat soluble vitamins
What are the water soluble vitamins

A

Fat soluble — (ADEK)
Water— C AND B

47
Q

What are minerals by definition

A

Minerals are inorganic elements essential to the body as catalysts in biochemical reactions

48
Q

What is the ideal time for breastfeeding

A

6 months is ideal

49
Q

How much calories does the mother need more a day

A

500 KCal more a day

50
Q

When does you wait to introduce to the infant

A

Cow milk should wait until the infant is 12 months or older

51
Q

T/F do women who use oral contraceptives need extra vitamins

A

T

52
Q

What is the recommended amount of protein when pregnant

A

60 grams

53
Q

What is the amount of folic acid needed during pregnancy

A

600 MCG

54
Q

T/F Vitmains and mineral need decreases with 65+ adults

A

False, Vitamins and Mineral needs stay the same

55
Q

What are the developmental needs to older adults?

A

Changes in appetite, taste, smell
Income is fixed—amount of money available
Lack of transportation to the store
Oral health—missing teeth—malnutrition and dehydration
Thirst sensation diminishes, leading to inadequate fluid intake

56
Q

How often do we increase the hourly rate of enteral tube feeding

A

Increase the hourly rate very 8-12 hours per doctors orders if tolerating

57
Q

T/F feeding enteral route reduces sepsis, minimizes hypem etabolic response to trauma

A

T

58
Q

What are some restrictions of enteral tube feeding

A

NG tubes are used for less than 4 weeks
Surgically placed tubes are preferred long term
X-rays is the most accurate way to check placement

59
Q

What are diagnoses to place an enteral feeding tube

A

Risk for aspiration
Impaired self-feeding
Impaired swallowing
Nutrition imbalance

60
Q

What do we need to consider for an enteral feeding tub

A

Budget
Culture
Food safety
Interest in change

61
Q

What are food examples of clear liquid diet?

A

Coffee, tea, carbonated beverages, clear fruit juices, gelatin, popsicles

62
Q

What are food examples of full liquid diet

A

Ice cream, blended cream soups, custards, refined cooked cereals, vegetable juice, puréed vegetables, all fruit juices

63
Q

What are food examples of thickened liquid diet

A

Puréed meats, vegetables, and fruits, mashed potatoes and gravy

64
Q

What is the food examples of mechanical soft

A

All cream soups, ground or diced meats, flaked fish, cottage cheese, cheese, rice, potatoes, pancakes, light breads, cooked vegetables, cooked or canned fruits, bananas, soups, peanut butter, eggs

65
Q

What are food examples of High fiber diets

A

Fresh uncooked fruits, steamed vegetables, bran, oatmeal, and dried fruits

66
Q

What is a diabetic diet

A

Focuses on total energy, nutrient and food distribution, include a balances intake of carbohydrates, fats, and proteins, varied caloric recommendations

67
Q

What is a gluten free diet

A

Eliminates wheats, oats, rye, barley, and their derivatives

68
Q

Differentiate type 1 and types 2 diabetes

A

Type 1-requires both insulin and dietary management
Type 2 - controlled by diet and exercise therapy

69
Q

How can stress cause urinary elongation problems

A

Cough/sneeze you pee

70
Q

What are the common urinary elimination problems

A

Stress
Urgency
Reflex

71
Q

What are the characteristics of urine

A

Color
Clarity
Odor
Manifestations

72
Q

Day 1, what is the frequency and color of the urine

A

Once in 24 hours
Reddish-orange

73
Q

What color is the urine of day 5 and after

A

Pale yellow

74
Q

What is the normal pH of urine

A

4.6-8.0

75
Q

Are glucose and ketones present in urine?

A

No they should not be present

76
Q

What is the normal protein in urine

A

8mg/100mL

77
Q

What is the normal range of WBC in urine

A

0-4

78
Q

What are the normal lab values of specific gravity of urine

A

1.005-1.030

79
Q

What are the common bowel elongation problems

A

Constipation
Impaction
Diarrhea
Incontinence

80
Q

What are the 6 assessments of stool

A

Color
Odor
Consistency
Frequency
Shape
Constituents

81
Q

What are the 6 assessments of stool

A

Color
Odor
Consistency
Frequency
Shape
Contituents

82
Q

What is encopresis

A

This occurs when a child who is old enough to have bowel control (4 years old and older does not have control)

83
Q

When do children have voluntary control of voiding urine

A

18-24 months of age

84
Q

What is enuresis?

A

This occurs when a child who is old enough to have bladder control (3 years and older) does not have control

85
Q

What are the bowel stimulants

A

Psyllium, docusate, magnesium hydroxide

86
Q

What does loperamide do to stool?

A

Solidify stool

87
Q

What is bisacodyl

A

Bowel stimulant

88
Q

What interventions promote healthful elimination

A

Hydration
Adequate dietary fiber
Regular toileting practices
Regular exercise
Avoidance of environmental contamination
Put patient in voiding position

Pop Health (4 decks)

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