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MED SCI' > Unit 4 > Flashcards

Unit 4 Flashcards

1
Q

Benefits and negatives of oral administration routes

A

+ easy to administrator
+ cheaper
+ no special storage required
- dosage less precise
- slow acting
- prolonged duration of action

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2
Q

Benefits and negatives of sublingual administration routes

A

+ don’t rely on the liver
+ works faster than oral
+ don’t have to be swallowed
- can be difficult to get under tounge
- not responsible for all meds
- doesn’t work for slow release medicines

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3
Q

Benefits and negatives of rectal administration routes

A

+ faster acting
+ shorter duration
+ higher bioavailability
- patient compliance
- undesired absorption
- GI affects absorbing

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4
Q

Benefits and negatives of parental administration routes

A

+ faster absorption
+ more precise dosage
- can lead to infection
- can lead to bruising
- usually requires pro to administrate

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5
Q

Benefits and negatives of topical administration routes

A

+ fewer risks of abuse
+ alternative to oral
+ reduced hospital congestion
- less dosage control
- usually needs to be stored in fridge
- can lead to skin irritation

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6
Q

What is non-adherence

A

Failure to fully agree to a prescription in the first place- pros have to work around patients needs

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7
Q

What are the two main types of non-adherence

A

Intentional- patient decides to not follow treatment
Unintentional- patient agrees with treatment but it prevented by barriers

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8
Q

How can medical pros avoid non-adherence

A
  • making sure pateint knows compliactions/consequences of not taking treatment
  • carrying out reminders
  • patient getting involved in choice of treatments
  • fully discussing importance of treatment
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9
Q

What factors affect distribution of drugs

A
  • movement in and out of bloodstream
  • proportion to tissues
  • water soluble vs fat soluble
  • how it builds up in the tissues
  • how it crosses membranes
  • how it binds proteins
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10
Q

What’s the order of pharmacokinetics

A

Absorption
Distribution
Metabolism
Secretion

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11
Q

What is a half life

A

Duration of action of drug to be reduced by one half

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12
Q

What is drugs plasma half life

A

How fast a drug us eliminated from plasma

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13
Q

What is the removal of a drug from plasma called

A

Clearance

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14
Q

What is distribution of drugs in various body tissues called

A

Volume of distribution

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15
Q

What is a steady state

A

Repeated doses of drugs administered

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16
Q

What are the 2 stages of metabolism

A

Phase 1 - involves reduction of drug through oxidation- catalyses cytochrome P450
Phase 2- attachment of ionised group- occurs in hephtocyte cytoplasm

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17
Q

When a drug is administered in-active what is this known as

A

Pro-drug

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18
Q

Can some metabolites produce be toxic?

A

True

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19
Q

What factors affect metabolism

A
  • diseases
  • genetic deficiency
  • usage of other drugs
  • diet
  • environmental factors
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20
Q

How can drugs affect hormones

A

Through inhibiting and stimulating the drug resulting in interaction with hormone receptors

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21
Q

How can drugs work on enzymes

A

There are characteristics in the drugs which resemble natural substances which binds to enzymes affecting the activation and inhibitions

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22
Q

How can drugs work on enzymes

A

There are characteristics in the drugs which resemble natural substances which binds to enzymes affecting the activation and inhibitions

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23
Q

How do drugs affect transport across membranes

A

Drugs affect the effectiveness of drug absorption, distribution and elimination

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24
Q

How can drugs affect transmitter substances

A

Reduces and increase see s synaptic transmittion affecting the communication routes

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25
Q

What is polypharmacy

A

Multiple practitioners prescribed but don’t communicate

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26
Q

What are the three ways that polypharmacy can affect drug action

A

Slow down the action rate of the drugs
Less severe side effects
Less adverse affects

27
Q

What is the synergistic effect

A

When two drugs work on the same body system, can be helpful towards the body or harmful

28
Q

What is the antagonistic effect

A

Occurs when drugs are blocked ans reduced effectiveness of one or more drugs

29
Q

What common foods interact with medicines

A

Grapefruit
Black liquorice

30
Q

What does drug tolerance mean

A

The reduced reaction of the drug a person is taking after taking it for a prolonged period

31
Q

What are the 2 main mechanisms for developing drug tolerance

A

Reduced number of receptors
Poor binding between medicine and receptor

32
Q

What is a drug holiday

A

Stop taking a specific drug for a set amount of time

33
Q

What is the function of the cardiovascular system

A

To deliver oxygen, and other nutrients around the body

34
Q

Three conditions affecting cardiovascular system and how it affects it

A

Hypertension- high BP causes pressure on heart resulting in a higher risk of heart problems
Angina- reduced blood flow to the heart, low BP
Arrhythmia- heart beats too slow, too fast, or too irregularly

35
Q

How do beta blockers work

A

Blocks the release of adrenaline hormones

36
Q

Side effects of beta blockers

A

Feeling tired, dizzy or lightheaded

37
Q

What is the function of the respiratory system

A

To allow absorption of oxygen into the body to keep cells alive and remove carbon dioxide

38
Q

Name one function which affects the respiratory system and how it affects the it

A

Asthma- inflammation in the airways restricting air flow

39
Q

How does salbutamol treat asthma

A

Binds to beta adrenaline receptors which limits production of calcium ions which causes smooth muscles to relax increasing rate of airflow

40
Q

What are adverse effects of salbutamol

A
  • Lactic/metabolic acidosis- leaves feeling of comiting, fatigue, cramps
  • Hallucinations
  • hypokalemia- low levels of potassium in the body, interacts with beta 2 receptors
41
Q

What is the Gastrointestinal systems function

A

To break down large food molecules and absorb all nutrients and the removal of waste

42
Q

What are three disorders of the gastrointestinal system

A

Constipation
Ulcers
Diarrhea

43
Q

What type of medication treats constipation

A

Osmotic laxatives

44
Q

What type of medication treats diarrhea

A

Antidiarrhoeal medicines - loperamide

45
Q

What type of medication treats heart burn

A

Omeprazole

46
Q

how do H2 ntagonists work to trear an ulcer

A

H2 antagonists reduce the amount of hydrochloic acid being prduced, meaning that this stops the acid from reaching th ulcer resuling in a afster recovery time

47
Q

what are 3 adverse effects of Cimetidine

A

drug allergy may occur
may cause other drugs to work too well

48
Q

What is the function of the endocrine system

A

To make hormones and directly rele as e into bloodstream so they can travel around the body

49
Q

What is hypothyroidism

A

Underactive thyroid

50
Q

What is hypothyroidism

A

Underactive thyroid

51
Q

What is hyperthyroidism

A

Overactive thyroid

52
Q

What are the adverse effects of methimazole

A

Rash or itchiness when they take it- less severe version of this is neutropenia

53
Q

How does methimazole treat hyperthyroidism

A

Reduces the thyroid hormone from being released

54
Q

What are the 4
mechaņisms by which
antibiotics can`target
bacteria?

A

limiting uptake of a drug
modifying a drug target
Anactivating a drug
active drug efflux

55
Q

What is the difference
between gram positive
and,gram negative
bactěria?

A

Gram-positive bacteria show blue or purple after gram-staining in a laboratory test They have thick cell walls
Gram-negative bacteria show pink or red on staining and have thin walls

56
Q

3 symptoms of someone who might be schizophrenic

A

Hallucinations
Delusions
Hearing voices

57
Q

Is dicloxacillin bacterial or bacteriostatic

A

Bacterial

58
Q

What is the mechanism action of dicloxacillin

A

Reducing cell wall action

59
Q

What are the adverse effects of dicloxacillin

A

Nausea, diarrhea, allergic reactions

60
Q

How does antibiotics resistance develop

A

when bacteria develop the ability to survive and multiply in the presence of antibiotics

61
Q

What does dopamine normally do to the brain

A

Feeling of pleasure

62
Q

What is the mechanism of action for Risperidone

A

Blocks dopamine and serotonin receptors in brain

63
Q

What condition does Risperidone treat? How does it affect CNS

A

Treats schizophrenia and affects CNS due to brain chemicals controlling thinking and behaviour, some are too active and others are under active

MED SCI' (3 decks)

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