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MED SCI' > Unit 1 > Flashcards

Unit 1 Flashcards

1
Q

What is a lipid?

A

a lipid is made up of building blocks of glycerol and fatty acids

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2
Q

cons of lipids

A

heart disease, increased weight, more pressure on organs, long term health conditions

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3
Q

pros of lipids

A

insulation, long lasting energy store, protection of vital organs

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4
Q

lipids are mainly…

A

long chain hydrocarbons

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5
Q

fats are made up of what three elements?

A

hydrogen, carbon and oxygen

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6
Q

what is the correct name for lipids?

A

triglyceride

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7
Q

what is a triglyceride

A

3 lots of a glceryl molocule

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8
Q

on a glycerol molocule is there such thing as a glycerol backbone

A

yes

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9
Q

chemical formula for glucose

A

C3H12O6

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10
Q

chemical formula of glycerol

A

C3H8O3

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11
Q

how much water is produced when every ester bond is made?

A

3 lots of water

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12
Q

what is the ester bond to water called?

A

the condensation reaction

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13
Q

what is the OH- group

A

hydroxyl

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14
Q

an ester bond forms ___ ________ of water

A

an ester bond forms one molocule of water

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15
Q

where does the right side of the hearts blod travel

A

lungs

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16
Q

where does the left side of the hearts blood travel

A

rest of the body

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17
Q

why is this a split system

A

so oxygenated and deooxygenated blood dont mix, and so there is no backfloow of blood

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18
Q

what direction does blood flow in

A

high to a low pessure

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19
Q

whats the walls of the heart ade out of

A

muscle

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20
Q

whats the main purpose of the heart

A

to contract and pump blood around the body

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21
Q

what are the four man chambers in th heart

A

right and left atrium, right and left ventricle

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22
Q

whaat are the four main vessles

A

vena cava, pulmonary vein, pulmonary artery and aorta

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23
Q

how do you tell if something is cholestrol

A

has a 4 ring structure, carrys hormones, has a phopholipid bilayer

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24
Q

what is the proper name of the 3 tpes of blood cell

A

erythocytes - RBC
leucocyte - WBC
thrombocyte - platlets

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25
Q

what is the funcction of the erythrocyte

A

transports oxygen around the body

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26
Q

what is the function of the leucocyte

A

defends the body against infections

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27
Q

what is the function of thrombocytes

A

blood clotting

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28
Q

what is the name and function of the fluid part of the blood

A

plasma it thins the blood so blood can continue to flow around the body

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29
Q

what are the 4 blood types

A

A, B, AB, O

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30
Q

what is the difference about each blood type

A

O- is the universal donater, meaning there are no proteins on surface, AB is the universal recipitent, A and B

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31
Q

what does hydrophobic mean

A

water hating

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32
Q

what does hydrophillic mean

A

water loving

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33
Q

what is the bond found between glycerol and fatty acids

A

esterbond

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34
Q

are saturated fats solid or liquid at room temperature

A

solid

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35
Q

are unsaturated fats solid or liuqid at room temperature

A

liquid

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36
Q

are saturated fats stackable

A

yes

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37
Q

how many bonds do carbon atoms need

A

4

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38
Q

most lipids we eat are called…

A

triglycerides

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39
Q

does a staurated fatty acid have doublle bonds

A

no

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40
Q

what are the four biomolocules

A

carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, nucleic acids

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41
Q

What are the three main blood vessels

A

Arteries, veins, capillaries

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42
Q

What’s in a artery

A

He’s a thinner lumen, more cullogen, more smooth muscle, more elastic fibres

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43
Q

What’s in a vein

A

Wider lumen, less callogen, less smooth muscle, fewer elastic fibres

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44
Q

What is the function of collagen

A

Reinforcement, to make sure the vessel doesn’t break/burst

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45
Q

What are capillaries

A

One cell thick, no valves, narrow lumen, porous

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46
Q

Do veins have valves

A

Yes, they are used to prevent the back flow of blood

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47
Q

What is the endothelium

A

Found In capillaries, and allows the blood to flow freely/recieve easier movement of flow

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48
Q

What three things occur in the capillaries

A
  1. Exchange of nutrients
  2. Gas exchange
  3. Help regulate body temperature
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49
Q

What is the cardiovascular test used to measure?

A

Blood pressure

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50
Q

What are respiratory tests called?

A

Peak flow

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51
Q

Name a type of a neurophysiology

A

EMG

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52
Q

Type of audiology test

A

Otoscopy

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53
Q

Type of GI tests

A

Endoscopy

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54
Q

What does both vascular imaging and blood pressure measure?

A

They measure the flow of blood through the arterys

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55
Q

What are the main steps of taking blood pressure readings

A
  1. Cuff around them
  2. Inflare cuff
  3. Deflate cuff
  4. Patient should be sat still
  5. Patient should not speak
  6. Arm should be below chest
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56
Q

What is the “normal” range for blood pressure

A

120/80

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57
Q

What are the two types of readings when taking blood pressure?

A

Systolic and dystolic

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58
Q

What are the limitations when taking blood pressure

A

Exercise, smoking, and drinking all 30 minutes prior, incorrectly sized cuff, movement, deflation of cuff

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59
Q

What are the main steps of vascular imaging

A
  1. Gel is applied
  2. Ultrasound transducer is placed along side artery
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60
Q

What do sounds of waves measure?

A

Blood velocity and blood resistance

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61
Q

During vascular imaging what does PSK mean

A

Peak Systolic Velocity

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62
Q

What’s the normal PSV

A

100-180cm/sec

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63
Q

Deviation in vascular imaging

A

Blood is flowing with a lower velocity,
Rate of blood flow is impeded by plaque

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64
Q

Limitations of vascular imaging

A

Poor angle/ positioning, frequency of ultrasound

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65
Q

What are the limitations for a false peak flow test

A
  • not breathing I deeply enough to start test
  • not breathing in forcefully enough
  • coughing during test
  • poor seal around mouthpiece
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66
Q

What are the limitations of an ECG

A
  • may have had a heart attack in past
  • May have stuck patches in incorrect places
  • doesn’t cooperate fully with someone who has a irregular heart beat
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67
Q

What are the limitations of blood pressure monitoring

A
  • using the wrong cuff size
  • not positioning patient properly
  • not allowing patients to rest before taking test
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68
Q

What is the nucleus and what does it do?

A
  • information canter of the cell
  • DNA is stored here
  • replicated and copied
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69
Q

What is the nuclear envelope?

A

Double membranes that separate contents, e.g- nucleus is separated from cytoplasm

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70
Q

What are nuclear pores?

A

Gaps in the nuclear envelope which enable gas exchange, allows substance to move in and out

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71
Q

What is the nucleolus?

A

Part of the nucleus that provides ribosomes

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72
Q

What is the endoplasmic reticulum?

A

It’s the site where proteins are made, know as ER, includes lipids and steroid synthesis

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73
Q

What are ribosomes?

A

Built from RNA and protein, found in the cytoplasm and up to the rough ER

74
Q

What is the plasma membrane?

A

A phospholipid bilayer that contains cholesterol, this surrounds the cell and enables it to detect changes in the environment

75
Q

What is the mitochondria

A

Rod-shaped bodies in the cytoplasm, that supply chemical energy to the rets of the cell

76
Q

What is the cytoplasm?

A

A liquid holding everything in the cell outside of the nucleus

77
Q

What is the golgi apparatus

A

Complex membranes, directs newly made proteins to where they are needed

78
Q

What are centrioles?

A

A pair of organelles that organise microtubules

79
Q

What are microfilaments

A

They are responsible for cell movements and changes, making muscle contraction possible, they’re smaller than microtubules

80
Q

What are vacuoles

A

Vacuoles are internal bags, surronded by a membrane used for storage

81
Q

What are microtubles

A

Small, tubular assembles for protein, helps maintain structure and move organelles around cytoplasm using molecular motors

82
Q

What are iysomes

A

Cells rubbish disposal, contains hydrolyic enzymes

83
Q

What are extracellular matrix

A

Material inbetween cells, usually hold tissues together, usually made out of proteins such as collagen

84
Q

what are the four main components in the lymphatic system

A
  • organs - vessels
  • fluids -nodes
85
Q

what is the purpose of the lymphatic system

A

to remove excess material/waste from the body

86
Q

desribe a lymth node

A

small bean shaped node which is used to help fight pathogens

87
Q

how is lymth fluid formed

A

blood enters capillaries
plasma passes it out forms tissue fluid
some drins
some turns out as lymth fluid

88
Q

3 layers of the skin

A

epidermis
dermis
subcutaneous fat

89
Q

What is the function of a sweat gland?

A

A sweat gland is used to control the body temperature and regulate it

90
Q

What is the function of a sebaceous gland?

A

To produce and secrete sebum (sebum lubricates the skin)

91
Q

What happens to the body when we get too hot?

A

Your body secrets sweat to cool the body down, in the form of sweat, sweat is water which is then secreted out of the pores

92
Q

What happens to the body when we get too cold?

A

You being shivering its the bodys natural response when it’s too cold

93
Q

Which part of the brain is responsible for
thermoregulation?

A

The hypothalamus

94
Q

What is the CNS

A

Central nervous system, made up of brain and spinal cord

95
Q

What does the CNS do

A

The CNS is the center of conscious awareness, to collect, process and respond to information in the environment

96
Q

What is the function of all reflexes

A

To provide and take out automatic responses in order to keep the body safe

97
Q

What is action potential

A

Movement of charge along axon of nerve, its a wave of depolarisation

98
Q

List 4 ways chemicals can inhibit synaptic transmission

A
  1. Increase rate of breakdown
  2. Decrease release of neurotransmitters
  3. Increase reuptake
  4. Block neurotransmitters
99
Q

4 ways drugs can enhance synaptic transmission

A
  1. Decrease rate of breakdown
  2. Increase release of neurotransmitters
  3. Decrease reuptake
  4. New neurotransmitters
100
Q

Social effects of addiction

A

Lead to depression/anxiety therefore less interactive with others

101
Q

Emotional consequences of addiction

A

Feeling as though your unable to stop, lacking control

102
Q

Physical consequences of addiction to alcohol

A

Can cause cancer; bowel, breast, liver, oesophagus, mouth, larynx, high blood pressure, intoxication, extremely low breathing rate/blood pressure

103
Q

State 5 functions of the skeleton

A

Shape, support, production of blood cells, protection, movement

104
Q

What is an antagonistic pair of muscles?

A

One muscle contracts the other relaxes

105
Q

What is the function of joints?

A

Joints are used for movements to occur

106
Q

What do ligaments and tendons do?

A

Ligaments connect bone to bone, holding it in place. Tendons connect muscle to bone.

107
Q

Explain how monosaccarides react together to form dissacherides

A

through a condensation reaction, thereofre creating two lots of suagrs in a monosaccarie, forming a disiccacherie.

108
Q

define the term triose, pentose, and hexrose sugar.

A

the number in each word (e.g tri in triose) represents the amount of carbon molocules within that monosaccaride.

109
Q

Explain how monosaccharides react together to form polysaccharides

A

Condensation reactions

110
Q

Explain how disaccharides/polysaccharides are broken down to form monosaccharides

A

Hydrolysis reaction

111
Q

Describe the dipole nature of water

A

Polar charge, H has a more positive charge and O has a slight negative charge

112
Q

Properties of water

A

Water is polar, High heat capacity, solvent, heat of vaporisation

113
Q

Describe how blood glucose is controlled

A

Insulin is produced if there is too little blood glucose and glucagon is produced with too much blood glucose

114
Q

Define negative feedback

A

A process that is used to maintain the body’s overall maintenance

115
Q

What are the two main functions of the kidney

A
  1. Osmoregulation
  2. Excretion of waste
116
Q

Define osmoregulation

A

The control of water and ion levels in the body

117
Q

What’s the role of ADH

A

ADH - anti diuretic hormone, reduces the amount of water released into urine, passes it back into bloodstream

118
Q

Describe types of urodynamic testing

A

Uroflowmetrey- measures how much urine is in your bladder/flow
Ultrasound- detects kidney stones
Crystometeic test- measures how much bladder can hold, the pressure in the bladder and how full it is

119
Q

How do ears, mouth, eyes and nose help defend the body from pathogens

A

Ears- earwax blocks and catches pathogens
Mouth- saliva
Nose- hairs and mucus
Eyes- eyelashes and tears

120
Q

How does the throat help defend the body from pathogens

A

Celia and mucus

121
Q

How does the stomach help defend the body from pathogens

A

Stomach produces hydrochloric acid which burns/destroys pathogens

122
Q

How does the intestine help defend the body from pathogens

A

Removes waste

123
Q

How do scabs help defend the body from pathogens

A

Macrophage

124
Q

How does the skin help defend the body from pathogens

A

Reduces the number of pathogens from entering body, large numbers of microbes live on the skin surface

125
Q

Definition of a pathogen

A

Any organism that had the ability to cause a illness or disease

126
Q

Name the four types of pathogen

A

Bacteria, protists, fungi and virus

127
Q

Describe the process of phagocytosis

A
  1. WBC attaches to pathogen
  2. Pathogen is then engulfed
  3. Cell is fused with enzymes (acid hydrolases)
  4. Pathogen is then fused and killed and digested.
  5. Then waste material Is removed by exocytosis
128
Q

Describe inflammation

A
  1. Histamine triggers dialation of blood vessels
  2. Phagocytes and natural killer cells fight against infection
  3. Chemotaxis
129
Q

What is chemotaxis

A

Movement of cell in a select direction

130
Q

Definition of the specific immune response

A

Antigens are recognising foreign cells that enter the body

131
Q

What are both T and B cells known as

A

Lymphocytes

132
Q

B cells are made where

A

Bone marrow

133
Q

T cells are made in

A

Bone marrow

134
Q

B cells mature where?

A

Bone marrow

135
Q

T cells are matured where?

A

Thymus

136
Q

What are cytoxic T cells

A

WBC that induce death to infected or tumour cells

137
Q

What is cytokine

A

Regulatory proteins that incude the cells of the immune system

138
Q

What 4 main steps of cell meditated immunity

A
  1. Pathogens invade body cells
  2. Pathogenic antigens are present on cells surface
  3. T helper cells have receptors which fit exactly with the presented antigens
  4. T helper celle
139
Q

Definition of phagocyte

A

Cell that releases lytic enzymes to break down pathogenic cells

140
Q

Definition of cytotoxic t cells

A

Cells that destroys pathogenic cells by releasing chemicals into the invaded cells

141
Q

Definition of T Helper cells

A

Cell that stimulates and recruits more cells to assist in the immune system

142
Q

Where does the humoral response take place

A

In the blood, in plasma

143
Q

What is the humoral response

A
  1. B cells stimulate the production of plasma cells and memory cells
  2. Plasma cells produce antibodies
  3. Antibodies bind with antigen to form antigen
  4. Memory cells remember this
144
Q

What are antibodies

A

Defence mechanism, and binding to pathogens to destroy them

145
Q

What are the 2 types of lymphocyte

A

B cells and T cells

146
Q

What is the specific immune response

A

Antigens being recognised as foreign to the body

147
Q

What is the humoral response

A

B cells producing plasma and memory cells, antibodies are then made

148
Q

What is aimovig

A

Blocks activity of protein in your body, it is a monoclonal antibody produced by a single B cell

149
Q

What does TMS stand for

A

Transcranical magnetic stimulation

150
Q

How does TMS work

A

Small electrical device delivers a magnetic pulse through the skin

151
Q

How does paracetamol work

A

Painkiller, used to treat aches and pains, it blocks production of chemicals which are involved with pain transmission

152
Q

How does ibuprofen work

A

Reduces hormones thay cause pain and swelling in the body

153
Q

What is aspirin

A

Anti inflammatory drug used to reduce pain

154
Q

Definition of anthithrombotic

A

Reduces the chance of blood clotting

155
Q

What can Triptans help with

A

Headache pain, nausea and vomiting, sensitivity to light and sound

156
Q

How do triptans work

A

Antimigrane agents by selectively bind serotonin receptors

157
Q

Define autoimmunity

A

When the body fails to recognise the body’s own molecules and attacks its own cells

158
Q

Describe the cells involved with autoimmunity

A

T- cells

159
Q

Describe the cell involved with allergies

A

B and T cells

160
Q

Which chemical does our body release too much of during an allergy reaction

A

Histamine

161
Q

What are T-cells covered in

A

T cells are covered with receptors, they are all shapes differently

162
Q

What is neurosis

A

Death of tissue

163
Q

What are some triggers of auto immune disorders

A

Bacteria or virus diseases, drugs, chemical irritants, ans environmental irritants

164
Q

What type of molecule are histamines

A

Signaling molecule

165
Q

What does a signaling molecule detect

A

Helps detect foreigne cells

166
Q

Hoe do anti histamines work?

A

Histamine is still released but it helps stop histamine reaching receptors on blood vessels- no dilations/inflammation

167
Q

Treatments of allergy

A

Avoiding specific food molecules
Immunotherapy- gradually increasing exposure to allergen into diet over a extended period of time

168
Q

What is immunotherapy also known as

A

Desensitisation

169
Q

What does HIV stand for?

A

Human immunodeficiency viruses

170
Q

How does HIV infect cells?

A

Find the leukocytes, makes copies of the virus cells and replicated within, hiv then kills the leukocytes and hiv copies and this process happenes over and over

171
Q

What does HIV do to the body?

A

Attacks immune system

172
Q

What does HPV stand for?

A

Human papillomarvirus - sexually transmitted infection

173
Q

What can HPV do to the body?

A

Can cause cervical and other cancers

174
Q

Define the terms dominant and recessive

A

Dominant: only one gene is needed to express characteristics
Recessive: two genes are needed to express characteristics

175
Q

Define phenotype and genotype

A

Phenotype: how the characteristic is expressed
Genotype: combination of alleles

176
Q

How is sex linked disease inherited

A

Through a recessive allele being passed down being on the X chromosome

177
Q

What are four ways adverse reactions can happen?

A
  • works too well
  • off target effects
  • production of toxic metabolism
  • immunological response
178
Q

Who might be more at risk of developing adverse reactions?

A
  • elderly
  • children
  • people with allergies
  • polypharmacy
179
Q

What are type a adverse reactions

A

They’re predicted on the basis of the pharmacology of the drug

180
Q

What are type B adverse reactions

A

Unexpected and unpredicted affects of taking a drug

181
Q

What common drug has adverse reactions, why?

A

Paracetamol- there is a production of toxic metabolites which attacks the liver cells in the body

MED SCI' (3 decks)

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