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Comparative Government > Unit 4 > Flashcards

Unit 4 Flashcards

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1
Q

FPTP / SMDP / Winner takes all

A

SMDP is a system of elections where a candidate is chosen by their party to show up on the ballot. FPTP is when Candidates win if they receive the MOST votes. (either SMDP FPTP or SMDP majoritarian)

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1
Q

What are the pros of SMDP?

A

Encourages regional representation and a stable and effective government that keeps the representatives accountable as they represent their constituents.
They also prevent extremist group coming to power.

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2
Q

What are the cons of SMDP?

A

It does not maximize voter participation and does not guarantee fairness within elections. There is no representation of the minorities of the state and no gender balance. It is expensive as each candidate running for office needs a campaign.

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3
Q

Proportional Representation

A

A system of elections where political parties recieve seats in proportion to their percentage of national vote.

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4
Q

What are the pros of PR?

A

It faithfully translates the votes into seats meaning a fair and accurate representation of the supporters. Minor parties can still gain seats and provides gender balance. It is less expensive than SMDP because each party only need to campaign for their party.

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5
Q

What are the cons of PR?

A

There is no regional representation because the percentage of votes would be too little compared to SMDP. It is not stable as it leads to multiparty systems with coalitions. It does not keep the reps accountable because they are only responsible to the party and its beliefs. Very few legislation can be passed due to diversity in opinions.

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6
Q

What electoral system is Mexico?

A

Mixed SMDP and PR plurality. This guarantees that minor parties gain seats.

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7
Q

Gender quotas in Mexico

A

A percentage of candidates in SMDP or PR have to be women.

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8
Q

What electoral system is Nigeria?

A

FPTP / SMDP system majority (due to the 25% of votes in 2/3 of states). This makes it impossible for minorities to win presidential elections. Number of representatives based on population.

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9
Q

Nigeria’s Senate

A

Has 3 members directly elected from 3 districts in each of the states. (SMDP) Allows for different parties to be one of those three.

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10
Q

What electoral system is Russia?

A

Mixed system SMDP and PR. The PR has a threshold of 5%, higher than most and make it difficult for minor parties to win.

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11
Q

What electoral system is Iran?

A

SMDP with MMD and SMD where the winning candidate has the most votes but must have at least 1/4 of the votes.

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12
Q

What electoral system is UK?

A

SMDP.

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13
Q

What electoral system is China?

A

The election process is indirect through a series of local and regional elections.

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14
Q

Mexico’s presidential system election rules?

A

The President is voted for by a plurality.

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15
Q

Nigeria’s presidential system election rules?

A

PRESIDENT (not regional reps) Majoritarian due to the 75% of the votes in 2/3 of states. This encourages candidates to not outwardly run as the North or South or an ethnic group. Prevent the perception of Nigeria being one religion or ethnic group.

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16
Q

Russia’s presidential system election rules?

A

Majoritarian but Putin often gets well over the majority of the votes as support for him is high. There are no legitimate challenger since he eliminates opposition. Major restrictions for independent candidates so there is no basis for support.

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17
Q

Iran’s presidential system election rules?

A

Majoritarian but there is a history of rigging to avoid a runoff of incumbents. (Previous president)

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18
Q

Mexico’s INE?

A

Reduces voter fraud, increase competition, approves of coalitions, IS independent from the government. INCREASES democracy.

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19
Q

Iran’s Guardian Council

A

Vets all election candidates to make sure they are aligned with the theocracy. NOT independent from government.

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20
Q

Nigeria’s INEC

A

Reduces voter fraud, ensure electoral integrety, competition, monitors parties, can postpone elections. IS independent and INCREASES democracy.

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21
Q

INEC, INE, and Guardian Council, what are they?

A

Electoral regulatory organizations.

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22
Q

Appointment systems in Legislative bodies and what do they do?

A

Used to bypass democratic options and place people in power who will maintain status quo. Can be used to carry out the executive’s wishes (corruption) OR provide diverse viewpoints which help decision making.

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23
Q

Guardian Council and the appointment system

A

GC vetoes legislation by the Majles if they believe it does not adhere to sharia law.

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24
Q

Federation Council and the appointment system

A

Upper house of Russia, govenors and regional legislatures decide who will represent their region. These regions are under Putin and carry out his wishes by imposing his will onto regional governments. Prevents rivals from emerging power at the regional level.

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25
Q

House of Lords and the appointment system

A

Appointed by the PM and independent commission to be approved by the monarch. Serves as a consulting party that has less power.

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26
Q

China’s One party system

A

CCP is the only party allowed to function BY THE CONSTITUTION.

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27
Q

8 Political “satellite’ parties

A

These parties predate the CCP and are highly monitored by the CCP. No impact on policy but provide a preception of multi-party system in China and CCP being tolerant to other viewpoints.

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28
Q

Russia’s dominant party system

A

The United Russia dominates all parts of government and controls the 3 branches of government. NOT a strict ideology party and is pragmatic which appeals to voters. This is why UF is often well over majority. No party has such mass appeal as UF. Heavy restrictions placed on growth of rival parties.

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29
Q

Just Russia

A

Regional level control prevents rival parties and leaders from developing.

30
Q

Catch All Party

A

A party that can earn support from population groups with VERY different characteristics. Popular support with diverse ideologies.

31
Q

The process of Mexico becoming a multiparty system

A

Was a dominant party in 1929-2000 under the PRI. Ever since PAN won in 2000 and broke this cycle, political competition has increased.

32
Q

How did Mexico transition from dominant party to multiparty?

A

The elmination of dedazo, picking of successor, privatization of state owned corporations and the INE. Creation of PAN and creating of political competition.

33
Q

Nigeria’s multiparty system

A

Experienced the dominante party rule of PDP until in 2015 APC was created and won in dissatification for the powersharing being broken. Diversity of Nigeria had led to diverse parties.

34
Q

UK’s two party system

A

The result of UK’s SMDP electoral system. Regional parties benefit from this as they have a good chance winning regional elections. As opposed to PR low percentage. Occasionally a third party but conservatives and labour stays on top.

35
Q

The role of one party system in China

A

Highly undemocratic system and is dictated by its constitution. Indirect elections disconnected the government’s accountability to citizens.

36
Q

Role of dominant party in Russia

A

Contributes to the declining democracy in Russia.

37
Q

History of electoral systems in Russia

A

Russia started as a mixed system but switched to only PR in 2007 where regional parties like the Chechnyans lost a lot of power and seats in government. This hurt minor parties as well due to the high threshold of 7% at the time. When mixed system was brought back, UF had already gained a lot of support

38
Q

Iran political parties

A

There is a lack of political parties. It acts like interest groups that only appear around election time. Voters often only look for candidate personality rather than party affilation.

39
Q

Two factions in Iran

A

Conservatives that want the status quo to remain the same and support the SL.
Reformers who support theocracy but want to increase freedom and democracy.

40
Q

Role of two party system in UK

A

SMDP overexggaerates the seat total of the two major parties compared to their vote percentage. Encourages citizens to not consider minor parties because their votes will be “wated”

41
Q

Role of multiparty system in Nigeria

A

Nigeria’s societal diversity is reflected in their large variety of political parties. Some small parties represent the ethnic minorities but most chose to vote the major PDP and APC due to patrimonialism.

42
Q

Role of multiparty system in Mexico

A

Competition of Mexico’s three major parties is positive for citizens. This limits minor parties but Mexico’s mixed system allow them opportunity to gain seats. Coalitions are often formed as a result of minor parties having a small number of seats.

43
Q

Social Movements

A

Large groups working together to effect political or social change.

44
Q

Interest groups

A

Organizations created to represent and articulate a specific interest or policy. Can be PART of a social movement.

45
Q

Difference between social movements and interest groups (6)

A
  • Social movements are bigger and usually have multiple groups rather than one.
  • SM have broader and long-term goa.
  • SM less formal than interest groups and are loosely organized.
  • SM reach goal through a variety of means, protests.
  • IG narrowly focused and existed over time.
  • IG more formal and attempt formal comunication with regime.
46
Q

Similarities between social movements and interest groups (3)

A
  • Both fundamental to political participation and civil society.
  • Both exist in democratic and authoritarian regimes.
    More restrictd in authoritarian regimes.
  • Reflect frustration with current system, a desire for change and existing political and social cleavages.
47
Q

Social movements key points

A

Often shorter duration, less organized, more difficult to establish connections with gov leaders.
Membership is inconsistent and less committed and long-lasting.
Harder to control.
Goals are limited.

48
Q

Interest groups key factors

A

More organized and established.
Can foster ties with gov over time and build a solid base of support and loyal following.
More connections = more controllable.
Can have significant political and social consequences.

49
Q

Mexico social movement

A

The Zapatistas

50
Q

The Zapatistas

A

Where they fought for indigenous rights and economic inequality. They protested against NAFTA.

51
Q

Nigeria social movements

A

Boko haram

52
Q

Boko haram

A

Religious rights terrorist group that is looking for islamic representation in Nigeria against Christians.

53
Q

Nigeria interest groups

A

MEND/MOSOP

54
Q

MEND / MOSOP

A

Movement for the emancipation of the Niger Delta.
Minority rights and economic inequality of oil production in Nigeria. Sometimes used violence.

55
Q

Russia social movements

A

LGBTQ
Corruption / Free fair elections

56
Q

Iran social movements

A

The Green movement
Women’s movement
Economic distress

57
Q

The Green movement

A

Rigged elections in Iran, fighting for their vocie to be heard.

58
Q

UK Political parties

A

Conservatives
Labour
Liberal Democrats
Scottish National Party

59
Q

UK conservative party

A
  • Upper and middle class people in the rural areas vote for them.
  • The current majority in UK and has been since 2010.
  • Brexit caused the party to split due to the changes happening.
60
Q

UK labour party

A
  • Working class people in the urban areas vote for them.
  • During their rule from 1997-2007, they passed devolution and referendums like the Good Friday Agreement.
61
Q

UK liberal democrats

A
  • Young environmentalists vote for them.
  • Work for peace and oil protests.
  • The coalition between LibDems and Conservatives caused people to question the LibDem’s beliefs and lost a lot of support as a result.
62
Q

Scottish National Party

A
  • The Scottish in Scottland vote for them.
  • Peaked in 2015 after the Independence Referendum. (failed) They lost seats after result.
63
Q

Mexico political parties

A

PRI
PAN
PRD
MORENA

64
Q

Mexico PRI

A
  • Before 2000, everyone voted for them. (Bribery to citizens)
  • After 2000, older people from the South voted for them.
  • Lost in 2000 to PAN, Won in 2012. Lost in 2018.
  • Dominant party rule in Mexico for 70 years.
65
Q

Mexico PAN

A
  • Urban-middle class from the North people vote for them.
  • Won in 2000 against PRI. Won in 2006. Lost in 2012.
  • The first time an opposition won in 70 years.
  • Created to oppose and go against the PRI’s anticlericalistic views and solve the economic crisis.
  • Made Mexico more democratic
66
Q

Mexico PRD

A
  • Young activists vote for them
  • 2006, where they came second by less than 1%.
  • Comes out of the PRI due to people being tired of its corruption.
67
Q

Mexico MORENA

A
  • Voters of PRD and PRI vote for them.
  • Only have had one election since creation.
  • Created by AMLO as a result of being mad at PRD’s changing beliefs.
68
Q

Nigeria political parties

A

PDP
APC

69
Q

Nigeria PDP

A
  • Orginally voted for by everyone due to convincing promises.
  • First time a peaceful transfer of power happened (no military coup).
  • Promised people to let both the South and North take turns in ruling.
70
Q

Nigeria APC

A
  • Northern Muslims voted for them.
  • Created from PDP as a result of people in the North being mad at how PDP had handled the transferring of power between South and North.
  • There are more northerners than southerners.
  • Concern of no more switching of power.
71
Q

Pluralist

A

Many groups compete to represent their interest to the gov and policy makers. These groups are SEPARATE from the state. People to the gov.

72
Q

Coporatist

A

Bring people into political system. One group = one interest that is created by the state and provide an illusion of influence. Gov to people.

73
Q

Political party system

A

defined by the number of political parties that are able to
win elections and govern.

Comparative Government (6 decks)

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