UNIT 4 Flashcards
the macro molecule that holds our genetic material
nucleic acid
makes up nucleic acids
nucleotide
tightly coiled strands of DNA
chromosome
a section of the DNA
gene
short pieces of RNA to help get the DNA polymerase started
RNA primer
short pieces of DNA
okazaki fragments
the process of reading the instructions in DNA to make a polypeptide
protein synthesis
a chain of amino acids; can bind to others and fold into a protein
polypeptide
are nucleotide sequences that CARRYS INFOMATION for protein synthesis
exons
what happens in the NUCLEUS; DNA->mRNA; DNA is COPIED into a complementary strand of mRNA
transcripton
a segment of a DNA or RNA molecule which does not code for proteins and INTERUPTS the sequence of genes.
introns
code of instructions for how to make proteins
genetic code
set of 3 nucleotides on the mRNA
codon
COMPLEMENTARY 3 nucleotides to tRNA
anticodon
what happens in the RIBOSOMES; mRNA -> polypeptide; interpreting the RNA MESSAGE into a polypeptide to make a protein
translation
monomer; the BUILDING BLOCKS for making proteins, held together by peptide bonds
amino acid
2 full sets of chromosomes (2n)
2n=46
diploid
the study of changes in gene expression that are heritable; very different from mutations
epigenetics
1 full set of chromosomes (n)
n=23
haploid
a diagram that shows the number and visual appearance of the chromosomes in a cell
karyotype
the process of cell division that makes gametes in the gonads
meiosis
organisms that reproduce sexually; fuse the genetic information from two parents to produce offspring that are a genetic mixture of both parents
sexual reproduction
the actual fusion of egg and sperm to form a zygote
fertilization
2 IDENTICAL copies of the SAME chromosome
sister chromaTIDS
chromosome pairs that have the same types of gene
homologous chromosomes
DNA–Transcription–>RNA–Translation–> PROTEIN
central dogma
crossing over appears. Nuclear membrane breaks down,
Prophase 1
what happens before Meiosis 1
Interphase-> the growth of a cell
what is the central Dogma
DNA–Transcription–>RNA–Translation–> PROTEIN
separates to replicate
Helicase
New strand goes TOWARDS the replication fork; 5’->3’ ;needs ONE RNA primer
Leading strand
New strand goes AWAY from replication fork; makes okazaki fragments; stiches fragments together; needs many RNA primers
Lagging
zips up the strands
DNA ligase
“old and new” strand is called-
(the gentic ladders where the old one splits in half and new ones bind to it)
semi conservative replication
what only happens in the LAGGING STRAND and not the leading strand
the creation of OKAZAKI FRAGMENTS
