Heredity Flashcards
section of DNA
genes
different versions of the same gene
alleles
2 of the same alleles
EX: AA,aa
homozygous
matching chromosomes from mom and dad
homologous chromosomes
2 different alleles
EX: Aa
heterozygus
If present, allele will always have trait expressed
dominant
alleles will only have that trait expressed when the dominant allele is NOT present
recessive
the actual alleles you inherit
genotype
the physical trait expressed
phenotype
a diagram that shows the probability of inheriting traits from parents with certain genes
punnett squares
a cross between two organisms looking at one trait
monohybrid cross
used when finding the possible genotypes for offspring when considering two traits at the same time.
dihybrid cross
genes are located on chromosomes and the behavior of chromosomes during meiosis accounts for inheritance
chromosome theory of inheritance
artificially breeding organisms with a desired trait
selective breeding
when one gene overshadows another
epistasis
a person that has the gene for a trait or disease but doesn’t show it
carrier
any change in DNA
mutation
chemicals that can cause DNA mutations
mutagen
pieces of nonhomologous chromosomes exchange segments (during crossing over)
translocation
changes the size of chromosomes and results in multiple copies of single gene
duplication
chromosomes do not separate correctly during anaphase resulting in 1 or 3 chromosomes rather than two
nondisjunction
chart used to trace the phenotypes and genotypes in a family to determine whether people carry disease or traits
pedigree
any technology used to change the genetic makeup of living things to make products
biotechnology
direct manipulation of an organism genome using biotechnology
genetic engineering
articially made DNA from two or more different sources
recombinat DNA
an organisms complete set of DNA; all of its genes
Genome
show the location of genes on a chromosome
gene map
used to cut strands of DNA at specific locations
restriction enzymes
produces multiple identical of a gene
gene cloneing
a technique that allows you to copy a piece of DNA without a cell
polymerase chain reaction
a laboratory method that uses an electric current to separate DNA fragments based on their molecular sized
gel electrophoresis
the process of inserting recombinant DNA into host cells
transformation
inserting a normal gene to fix an absent or abnormal gene
gene therapy
a gene editing technique that helps us to understand the genetics behind many diseases
CRISPR
undifferentiated cells that have the potential to become anything
stem cells
producing pharmaceuticals in farm animals or plants
Pharming
organisms altered by recombinant DNA technology for desired traits
GMO
crossing individuals that are closely related
Inbreeding
selective breeding between unrelated organisms
Hybridization
some versions of genes are dominant over others
law of dominance
chromosomes line up randomly during metaphase therefore it is possible for any combination of chromosomes to be passed on from parent to offspring
law of independent assortment
at the end of meiosis, each gamete formed should only have 1 copy from each homologous chromosomes pair
law of segregation
