unit 4 Flashcards
1
Q
John Adams
A
- Second President
- First Vice President
- Diplomat and signer of the Declaration of Independence
- Led the country through the XYZ affair, the Alien and Sedition Acts, and the Virginia and Kentucky Resolutions
- Kept the nation from war during his tenure as president
1797-1800
2
Q
XYZ Affair
A
- The United States wanted an end to French harassment of American shipping
- To settle the issue, French representatives demanded a bribe from the United States just to open negotiations with French Minister Talleyrand
- The United States refused the bribe and suspended trade with the French
- Led to the creation of the American Navy
1798
3
Q
Alien and Sedition Acts
A
- Legislation enacted by the Federalists to reduce foreign influenced and increase their power
- New hurdles to citizenship were established
- Broadened power to quiet print media critics
- The legislation was used to silence Jeffersonian Republican critics of the Federalists and was indicative of the poisoned relations between the two groups
- These acts tested the strength of the First Amendment and limited the freedom of the press
- The Federalists gained a reputation as being a less democratic group, quickening their demise as a political organization
1798-1799
4
Q
Kentucky and Virginia Resolutions
A
- Response by Jeffersonian Republicans to the Alien and Sedition Acts
- Included text written by Jefferson and by Madison
- Suggested that states should have the power within their territory to nullify federal law
- Stated that federal government had no right to exercise powers not specifically delegated to it
- The resolutions represented a future argument that would be used when secession and Civil War threatened the country
- Called into question the paradox of the Elastic Clause and the Tenth Amendment
1798-1799
5
Q
The Napoleonic Wars
A
- War between Napoleon’s France and the other European powers, led by Britain
- Both sides tried to prevent neutral powers, especially the United States, from trading with their enemy
- American ships were seized by both sides and American sailors were “impressed,” or forced into the British navy
- The United States was angered by this violation of the “freedom of the seas” principle, which holds that outside its territorial waters, a state may not claim sovereignty over the sea
- These violations would escalate and lead to the War of 1812
1799-1815
6
Q
Judiciary Act of 1801
A
- Created new judgeships to be filled by the president
- John Adams filled the vacancies with party supporters (“Midnight Judges”)
- Led to bitter resentment by the incoming Jeffersonian Republican Party
- Act would play a role in the case of Marbury v. Madison
1801
7
Q
Thomas Jefferson Presidency
A
- Third President
- Before becoming president, he served as the first Secretary of State
- First president to reside in Washington, D.C.
- Jefferson’s taking of office was called the “Revolution of 1800” as it was the first time America had changed presidential political leadership (Federalist to Jeffersonian Republican)
- His embodiment of the Jeffersonian Republican Party helped increase its strength, while weak leadership in the federalist Part was a reason for its demise
- His administration was responsible for the Embargo of 1807
- He presided over the Louisiana Purchase
- His politics were characterized by support of state’s rights
8
Q
John Marshall
A
Chief Justice of the United States Supreme Court (1801-1835)
He was a Federalist installed by Adams
His decisions defined and strengthened the powers of the judicial branch and asserted the power of judicial review over federal legislation
His court made determinations that cemented a static view of contracts
His court’s decisions advanced capitalism
Significant cases included: Marbury v. Madison, Fletcher v. Peck, Dartmouth College v. Woodward, McCulloch v. Maryland, and Gibbons v. Ogden
1755-1835
9
Q
Marbury v. Madison
A
- William Marbury had been commissioned justice of the peace in D.C. by President John Adams
- His commission was part of Adams’ “midnight appointments” during his last days in office
- Marbury’s commission was not delivered, so he sued President Jefferson’s Secretary of State, James Madison
- Chief Justice John Marshall held that while Marbury was entitled to the commission, the statute that allowed Marbury’s remedy was unconstitutional, as it granted the Supreme Court powers beyond what the constitution permitted
- This decision paved the way for judicial review, which gave courts the power to declare statues unconstitutional
1803
10
Q
Louisiana Purchase
A
- Purchased for $15 million from France
- Jefferson was concerned about the constitutionality of purchasing land without having this authority granted by the Constitution, so he employed the presidential power of treaty-making to make the purchase
- United States’ territory was doubled
- The purchase helped remove France from the western borders of the United States
- Farmers could now send their goods (furs, grains, tobacco) down the Mississippi River and through New Orleans, facilitating transportation to Europe
- The expansion westward created more states with Jeffersonian Republican representation to the point that the Federalists became a marginalized party
- Opened land to agrarian expansion, helping fulfill one of the tenets of Jefferson’s social ideology
April 30, 1803
11
Q
Lewis and Clark Expedition
A
- Expedition through the Louisiana Purchase and the West
- Departed from St. Louis and explored areas including the Missouri River, the Yellowstone River, and the Rockies
- Sacajawea, a Shoshone guide, helped them in their journey
- Opened up new territories to American expansion
1803-1806
12
Q
Embargo of 1807
A
- American declaration to keep its own ships from leaving port for any foreign destination
- Jefferson hoped to avoid contact with vessels of either of the warring sides of the Napoleonic Wars
- The result was economic depression in the United States, which angered the Federalists, who were well-represented in Northeast commerce and were hit hard by the financial downturn
1807-1809
13
Q
James Madison
A
- Fourth President
- His work before becoming president led him to be considered the “Father of the Constitution”
- Participated in the writing of The Federalist Papers
- In Congress, he wrote the Virginia Plan
- Was a Republican president in a Federalist-controlled Congress
- Faced pressure from “War Hawks” like Henry Clay and John C. Calhoun to get involved in the Napoleonic Wars and end the damaging embargo
- Led the United States into the War of 1812 and concluded the war in 1814
1809-1817
14
Q
Non-Intercourse Act
A
- Congress opened trade to all nations except France and Britain
- Trade boycott appeared to have little effect on curbing French and British aggression stemming from the Napoleonic Wars
- Though the Embargo Act was a protective measure, the Non-Intercourse Act re-engaged the United States in trade while continuing its stance against alliances with either France or Britain
- The Non-Intercourse Act was repealed in 1810
1809
15
Q
Fletcher v. Peck
A
- Marshall Court decision
- The first time state law was voided on the grounds that it violated a principle of the United States Constitution
- The Georgia legislature had issued extensive land grants in a corrupt deal
- A legislative session repealed that action because of the corruption
- The Supreme Court decided that the original contract was valid, regardless of the corruption
- Reaffirmed the sanctity of contracts
1810
16
Q
Expansion of Electorate
A
- Most states eliminated the property qualification for voting during this period
- African Americans were still excluded from polls across the South and most of the North
- The political parties established national nomination conventions
1810-1828
17
Q
Tecumseh
A
- Native American chief who was encouraged by British forced to fight against the pressured removal of Native Americans from Western territories
- William Henry Harrison destroyed the united NAtive American confederacy at Tippecanoe
1811
18
Q
Causes of the War of 1812
A
- British impressment of American sailors
- The United States suspected the British of encouraging Native American rebellion
- “War Hawk” Congressional leaders, such as Henry Clay and John Calhoun, pressed for intervention
- American frontiersmen wanted more free land, as the West was held by Native Americans and the British
- War Hawks also wanted to annex Canada and Florida
- Despite the Embargo Act and Non-Intercourse Act, hostilities could not be cooled
- Eventually, the United States sided with France against Britain
1812-1815
19
Q
War of 1812 Events
A
- Early victories at sea by the United States before it was overpowered by the British
- The United States’ Admiral Perry took Lake Erie with the navy
- Opened the way for William Henry Harrison to invade Canada and defeat the British and Native American forces
- Andrew Jackson led the American charge through the Southwest
- The Battle of New Orleans was a decisive conflict in which Jackson defeated the British; the battle was fought after the signing of the Treaty of Ghent
1812-1815
20
Q
Washington Burned
A
- During the War of 1812, a British armada sailed up the Chesapeake Bay and burned the White House
- Attack came in response to the American burning of Toronto
- The armada proceeded toward Baltimore; America’s Fort McHenry held firm through bombardment, which inspired Francis Scott Key’s “Defence of Fort McHenry” (later renamed “The Star-Spangled Banner”)
1814
21
Q
After the War of 1812
A
- Increased American nationalism
- Created high foreign demand for cotton, grain, and tobacco
- The country turned from its agrarian origins toward industrialization
- Led to depression in 1819 due to influx of British goods; Bank of the United States responded by tightening credit to slow inflation
Post-1814
22
Q
Rush-Bagot Agreement
A
- The Treaty of Ghent, which ended hostilities after the War of 1812, set the groundwork for this agreement by encouraging both sides to continue to study boundary issues between the United States and Canada
- Rush-Bagot was an agreement between Britain and the United States to stop maintaining armed fleets on the Great Lakes
- Served as the first “disarmament” agreement and laid the foundation for future positive relations between Canada and the United States
1817
23
Q
James Monroe
A
- Fifth President
- Led during the “Era of Good Feelings,” which was marked by the domination of his political party, the Democratic-Republicans, and the decline of the Federalist Party
- Established the Monroe Doctrine as a wide-ranging policy for foreign affairs
- National identity grew, most notably through the westward movement of the country and various public works projects
- The “Era” saw the beginnings of North-South tensions over slavery
1817-1825
24
Q
Monroe Doctrine
A
- Developed by President James Monroe
- Held that the United States would not allow foreign powers to establish new colonies in the western hemisphere or allow colonies to be influenced by outside powers
- America feared international influence because of a period of worldwide revolutionary fervor after Napoleon’s fall
- Another cause: Many Latin American countries were gaining independence from Spain, and the United States thought that these colonies might be taken over by other European powers, threatening American security
- The doctrine had a lasting impact beyond Monroe’s time in office; other presidents, from Coolidge to Kennedy, have invoked it to deal with their own foreign affairs issues
Introduced in 1823
25
Q
Convention of 1818
A
- Provided for boundary between the United States and Canada at the forty-ninth parallel
- Allowed joint occupancy of Oregon Territory by Americans and Canadians
- Permitted American fisherman to fish in the waters of Newfoundland and Labrador
1818
26
Q
McCulloch v. Maryland
A
- Marshall Court decision
- Determined that no state could control an agency of the federal government
- Maryland tried to levy a tax on a local branch of the United States Bank to protect its own state banks
- Supreme Court determined such state action violated Congress’s “implied powers” to operate a national bank
- Use of judicial review over state law made this a division of powers case
1819
27
Q
Dartmouth College v. Woodward
A
- Dartmouth College v. WoodwardMarshall Court decision
- Severely limited the power of state governments to control corporations, which were the emerging form of business
- New Hampshire legislature tried to change Dartmouth from a private to a public institution by having its charter revoked
- The Court ruled that the charter issued during colonial days still constituted a contract and could not be arbitrarily changed without the consent of both parties
- Reaffirmed the sanctity of contracts
1819
28
Q
Adams-Onis Treaty
A
- Helped define he United States-Mexico border
- The border that was under Spanish control had created conflict between the two countries
- Spain sold its remaining Florida territory to the United States and drew the boundary of Mexico to the Pacific
- United States ceded its claims to Texas, and Spain kept California and the New Mexican region
- United States assumed $5 million in debts owed by Spain to American merchants
- Later, lands kept by Spain would become battlegrounds for American expansion
1819
29
Q
Eli Whitney
A
- Inventor and manufacturer
- Invented the cotton gin in 1793, revolutionizing the cotton industry and increasing the need for slaves
- Established the first factory to assemble muskets with interchangeable, standardized parts
- His innovations led to an “American system” of manufacture, where those laborers with less skill could use tools and templates to make identical parts; also, the manufacture and assembly of parts could be done separately
1765-1825
30
Q
King Cotton in the Early 1800s
A
- The new invention of the cotton gin separated the seeds from the fibers
- New states (such as Alabama, Mississippi, Louisiana, and Texas) began producing cotton
- Led to a boom in the cotton market, and its global effects crowned the staple as “King Cotton”
- The need for cotton encouraged westward expansion
Early 1800s
31
Q
Transportation Revolution
A
- Innovations included new construction of roads, additions of canals, and the expansion of the railroads
- Robert Fulton built the modern-day steamboat, transforming river transportation
- Henry Clay promoted internal improvements to help develop transportation
- The transportation revolution cheapened the market for trade and encouraged population movement west of the Appalachian Mountains
First half of the 1800s
32
Q
The Second Great Awakening and Protestant Revivalism
A
- A wave of religious fervor spread through a series of camp meeting revivals
- The “Burnt Over District,” an area in upstate New York, was the center of the movement
- Protestant revivalism rejected the CAlvinist doctrine of predestination and held instead that salvation was in the individual’s hands
- Revivalism was a reaction to rationalism, emphasizing strong nationalism and the improvement of society through social reform
- Revivalism included participation by women and African Americans, demonstrating the influence and growth of democracy
- Created diversity in American religious sects and some anti-Catholic sentiment
1790s-1840s
33
Q
Antebellum Reform
A
- Explosion in the number of colleges (Oberlin college in Ohio became the first do-ed college)
- Expansion of state-supported elementary schools and other public schooling, in part due to the leadership of Horace Mann
- Dorothea Dix led in the establishment of asylums of humane treatment of the insane
- Prisons were also reformed
1820-1860
34
Q
Dorothea Dix
A
- Social reformer who worker to help mentally ill
- Northeastern jails housed both criminals and the mentally ill in the same facilities
- Dix became determined to change this
- Her memorandum to the Massachusetts state legislature in 1842 led to the establishment of state hospitals for the insane
1802-1887
35
Q
The Lowell System
A
- A popular way of staffing New England
- Young women were hired from the surrounding countryside, brought to town, and housed in dorms in mill towns for a short period
- The owners called these “factories in the gardens” to spread the idea that these facilities would not replicate the dirty, corrupt mills in English towns
- The rotating labor supply benefited owners, as no unions could be formed against them
- The system depended on technology to increase production
1820s
36
Q
Slave Codes
A
- A series of laws that limited slave rights
- Slave owners were given authority to impose harsh physical punishment ans to control their slaves in any fashion they sought, without court intervention
- Prohibited slaves from owning weapons, becoming educated, meeting with other African Americans without permission, and testifying against whites in court
- Severely limited the rights of slaves
37
Q
Washington Irving
A
- In his time, he was the best-known native writer in the United States and one of the first American writers to gain fame throughout Europe
- His satire is considered some of the first great comic literature written by an American
- Stories included Rip Van Winkle and The Legend of Sleepy Hollow (1820)
- His writings reflected an increasing nationalism, as the stories were based in American settings
1783-1859
38
Q
Transcendentialism
A
- Movement to transcend the bounds of the intellect and to strive for emotional unity with God
- Believed that people were capable of unity with God without the help of the institutional church
- Saw church as reactionary and sitting to self-expression
- Included writers such as Henry David Thoreau and Ralph Waldo Emerson
1820-1850
39
Q
Utopian Communities
A
- Movement that copied early European efforts at utopianism
- Attempt by cooperative communities to improve life in the face of increasing industrialism
- Groups practiced social experiments that generally saw little success due to their radicalism
- Included attempts at sexual equality, racial equality, and socialism
- Two of these communities were Brook Farm and Oneida
1820-1850
40
Q
Romanticism
A
- A belief in the innate goodness of man, nature, and traditional values, rooted in turn-of-the-century Europe
- Emphasized emotions and feelings over rationality
- Reaction against the excesses of the Enlightenment led to a growing push for social reform
1800s
41
Q
Missouri Compromise
Compromise of 1820
A
- Henry Clay’s solution to deadlock over the issue of accepting proposed new state, Missouri
- At the time, the Senate was evenly divided between slave and free states
- A slave state of Missouri would tip the balance of power
- John Tallmadge added an antislavery amendment meant to prohibit the growth of slavery into Missouri and to free slaves already in Missouri when they had reached a certain age.
- The TAllmadge Amendment caused the Senate to clock the Missouri Compromise and sparked heated debate about the future of slavery
- To settle the dispute, northern Massachusetts became a new free state (Maine)
- The legislative section prohibiting slavery in Missouri was replaced by a clause stating that all land of the Louisiana Purchase north of thirty-six-thirty north latitude would prohibit slavery
1820
42
Q
Denmark Vesey
A
- A slave who won enough money in a lottery to buy his own freedom
- Gained wealth and influence in South Carolina
- Accused of using church get-togethers to plan a violent slave revolt
- Vesey and thirty-four other slaves were hanged
- Some historians doubt the conspiracy was real
1767(?)-1822
43
Q
Gibbons v. Ogden
A
- Marshall Court decision
- Determined that only Congress may regulate interstate commerce, including navigation
- Ogden received a monopoly to operate a steamboat between New York and New Jersey; New York granted him the monopoly through Robert Fulton and Robert Livingston
- Gibbons received the same rights through Congress
- Supreme Court decided that the state monopoly was void
- Use of judicial review over state law made this a division of powers case
1824
44
Q
Hudson River School
A
- Group of American landscape painters
- Parts of increasing American nationalism following the War of 1812
- The influence of the European Romantic movement led many American artists to paint their homeland
- Depicted important landscapes such as Niagara Falls, the Catskills, the Rocky Mountains, and the Hudson River Valley
- Artists included Thomas Doughty, THomas Cole, George Inness, and S.F.B. Morse
1825-1875
45
Q
James Fenimore Cooper
A
- American novelist born in Burlington, New Jersey
- His writing was influences by the American frontier and America’s landscapes
- His works include The Last of the Mohicans (1826), The Water-Witch (1830), and The American Democrat (1838)
- His work, along with that of writers like Washington Irving, helped form the foundation for distinctive American literature
1789-1851
46
Q
John James Audubon
A
- Romantic-era artist
- Member of the Hudson River School, a group of landscape painters
- Demonstrated the emotion of nature, especially birds and animals
- In 1886, a nature organization took his name
1785-1851
47
Q
“The Corrupt Bargain”
A
- Four presidential candidates: Henry Clay (Speaker of the House), John Quincy Adams (Secretary of the State), Andrew Jackson (1812 war hero), and William Crawford (Secretary of the Treasury)
- Jackson won the popular vote but did not win the majority of the electoral vote, and as a result, the election went to the House of Representatives
- In the House of Reps. vote, Henry Clay threw his support to Adams, who would go on to win the presidency
- Adams gave Clay the post of Secretary of State
- Accusations of a “corrupt bargain” were made by Jackson, but they are considered to be largely untrue
1824
48
Q
John Quincey Adams Presidency
A
- Sixth President
- His supporters called themselves National Republicans (Jackson supporters labeled themselves Democratic Republicans)
- Led an active federal government in areas like internal improvements and Native American affairs
- His policies proved unpopular amidst increasing sectional interest and conflicts over states’ rights
- After his presidency, he served in the House of Representatives, where he forced debates against slavery and against the Jacksonian policy of removing certain Native American tribes
1825-1829
49
Q
“Tariff of Abominations”
A
- Tariff bill with higher import duties for many goods bought by southern planters
- John C. Calhoun, John Q. Adams’s Vice President , anonymously protests his own leadership’s bill, suggesting that a federal law harmful to an individual state could be declared void within that state
- This suggestion of nullification would be utilized by other states and would escalate hostilities, leading to Civil War
1828
50
Q
John Calhoun
A
- Vice President to both John Q. Adams and to Adams’s political rival, Andrew Jackson, who defeated Adams in 1828
- Champion of states’ rights
- Author of an essay, “The South Carolina Exposition and Protest,” advocating nullification of Tariff of 1828 and asserting the right of the states to nullify federal laws
- Later, as a senator, he engaged Senator Daniel Webster in a debate over slavery and states’ rights, demonstrating the ideas that would drive the country to the Civil War
1782-1850
51
Q
Andrew Jackson
A
- Seventh President
- Following the War of 1812, he invaded Spanish Florida to quell Native American rebellions
- After the treaty for the War of 1812 had already been signed, he defeated a British force that had invaded New Orleans, safeguarding the Mississippi Rive
- Popular president due to his image as the self-made westerner
- His form of leadership, known as Jacksonian Politics, called for a strong executive, relied on the party system, and emphasized states’ rights
- Implemented the Spoils System approach to civil service
- Signed the Indian Removal Act, which provided for federal enforcement to remove Native American tribes west of the Mississippi
1829-1837
52
Q
Spoils System
A
- Andrew Jackson’s method of turning over the civil servant jobs to new government officials
- “Rotation in office” was supposed to democratize government and lead to reform by allowing the common people to run the government
- This system had been in place long before Jackson, but his name is tied to it because he endorsed its usage
- In general, officials were not replaced by those loyal to the new administration, and they were not always the most qualified for the positions
- Over the span of several presidential terms, the system led to corruption and inefficiency
- It was ended with the passage of the Pendleton Act
1828
53
Q
Alexis de Tocqueville
A
- French civil servant who traveled to and wrote about the United States
- Wrote Democracy in America, reflecting his interest in the American democratic process and appreciation of American civil society
- Assessed the American attempt to have both liberty and equality
- Provided an outsider’s objective view of the Age of Jackson
Early 1830s
54
Q
Mormonism
A
- Religion founded by Joseph Smith, Jr.
- Smith claimed to have received sacred writings; he organized the Church of Jesus of Latter Day Saints
- Smith described a vision from God in which God declared specific tenets of Christianity to be abominations
- Because of these claims and unusual practices such as polygamy, Mormons were shunned
- Eventually, Mormons formed community near Great Salt Lake under Brigham Young’s leadership
- Settlement became the state of Utah
1830
55
Q
Webster-Hayne Debate
A
- Debate in the Senate between Daniel Webster (MA) and Robert Hayne (SC) that focused on sectionalism and nullification
- Came after the “Tariff of Abominations” incident
- At issue was the source of constitutional authority: Was the Union derived from an agreement between states or from the people who had sought a guarantee of freedom?
- Webster stated, “Liberty and Union, now and forever, one and inseparable”
1830
56
Q
Nat Turner
A
- Slave who led an insurrection in Southampton, Virginia, in 1831
- Influential among local slaves as a preacher
- Believe it was his destiny to lead slaves to freedom
- Led approximately sixty in revolt, first killing the family of his owner and then killing fifty-five whites in the surrounding neighborhood
- The revolt was put down and Turner, some of his conspirators, and several free African Americans were executed
- Led to stricter slave laws in the South and an end to the Southern organizations advocating abolition
1800-1831
57
Q
Tariff of 1832 and the Order of Nullification
A
- The tariff favored Northern interests at the expense of Southern ones
- Calhoun led a state convention calling for the Order of Nullification, which declared that the tariff laws were void and that South Carolina would resist by force any attempt to collect the tariffs
- Jackson, though a supporter of states’ rights, defended the Union above all, and asked Congress to issue a new bill to give him authority to collect tariffs by force
- Jackson encouraged his allies to prepare a compromise bill so that the federal government would not lose its image of control and so that South Carolina could come back down from nullification
- Henry Clay presented his Compromise Tariff of 1833 and South Carolina withdrew the Order, but tensions between the federal government and state governments grew
1832
58
Q
Biddle’s Banks
A
- Andrew Jackson objected to the Bank of the United States created by Alexander Hamilton
- Jackson felt that the Bank had great influence in national affairs but did not respond to the will of working and rural class people
- Henry Clay wanted the Bank to be a political issue for the upcoming presidential election in 1832 against Andrew Jackson
- Nicholas Biddle, chairman of the Bank, worked with Clay to re-charter the Bank four years earlier than it was due
- Jackson vetoed the measure, increasing his popularity
1832
59
Q
Texas
(before the Battle of the Alamo)
A
- Mexico refused to sell Texas to the United States, which had given up its claims to Texas in the Adams-Onis treaty
- Texas had been a state in the Republic of Mexico since 1822, following a revolution against Spain
- Mexico offered land grants for immigration to the area, and many Americans responded and came to Texas, increasing population and revenue in Texas
- Southerners moved to Mexico with interest in becoming slave masters, but the presence of slavery angered the Mexican government
- When the population changed, Mexico’s power began to erode
- Stephen Austin worked to first make Texas a Mexican state and later independent of Mexico
1800s-1836
60
Q
Battle of the Alamo
A
- During Texas’s revolution against Mexico, Fort Alamo was attacked by the Mexican Army and 187 members of the Texas garrison were killed
- Antonio Lopez de Santa Anna, a Mexican military and political leader, was victorious
- “Remember the Alamo” was the garrison’s battle cry in its fight for independence
February 24-March 6, 1836
61
Q
Sam Houston
A
- Leader of Texas independence
- Defeated Santa Anna at the Battle of San Jacinto and claimed independence
- Houston asked both President Jackson and President Van Buren to recognize Texas as a state, which they denied out of fear that a new slave state would be formed
1793-1863
62
Q
Gag Rule
A
- Forbade discussion of the slavery question in the House of REpresentatives
- Stemmed from Southern members’ fear of slave emancipation
- Led to increased discussion by Southern conventions of ways to escape Northern economic and political hegemony
1836-1844
63
Q
The Panic of 1837 and Specie Circular
A
- Recession caused by President Jackson’s drastic movement of federal bank deposits to state and local banks
- Led to relaxed credit policies and inflation
- Jackson demanded a Specie Circular, which required that land be paid for in hard money and not paper or credit
- Recession lasted into the 1840s
1837
64
Q
The Charles River Bridge Case
A
- Demonstrated that a contract could be broken to benefit the general welfare
- Jackson’s chief justice, Roger Taney, held that a state could cancel grant money if the grant ceases to be in the interests of the community
- Served as a reversal of Dartmouth College v. Woodward
1837
65
Q
Trail of Tears
A
- Worcester v. Georgia was a response to Jackson’s Indian Removal Act
- Cherokees in Georgia claimed to be a sovereign political entity
- Native Americans were supported by the Supreme Court, but Jackson refused to enforce the court’s decision
- By this point, Cherokees had largely met the government’s demands to assimilate into Western-style democratic institutions
- Still, Cherokees were forced to give up lands to the east of the Mississippi and travel to an area in present-day Oklahoma
- The migration’s effects were devastating as hunger, disease, and exhaustion killed about 4,000 Cherokee
1838-1839
66
Q
Horace Mann
A
- American educator who was the first secretary of the Massachusetts Board of Education
- Suggested reforms in education
- Made available hight-quality, no-cost, nondenominational public schooling
- The system has lasted to present day, and as a result, Mann has been called father of the American public school
