unit 2 Flashcards
1
Q
Types of Colonies in the New World
A
- In a charter colony, colonists were essentially members of a corporation, and electors among the colonists controlled the government based on an agreed-upon charter
- A royal colony had a governor selected by England’s king; the governor served in the leadership role and chose additional, lower-ranking officers
- Proprietary colonies were owned by individuals with direct responsibility to the king; each proprietor selected a governor, who served as the authority figure for the colony
1600s
2
Q
English Puritanism
A
- Movement by those who wished to reform the Church of England to be more in line with their ideology
- Though King Henry VIII had set out to separate his own Church of England from papal authority, many Roman Catholic traditions and practices remained
- Puritans rejected these roman Catholic holdovers and sought to make the English Church “pure”
- Puritans held Calvinist beliefs, such as predestination and the authority of Scripture over papal authority
- Puritanism echoes throughout American culture in the ideas of self-reliance, moral fortitude, and an emphasis on intellectualism
1500s and 1600s
3
Q
Joint-Stock Company
A
- A type of business structure used by some colonial explorers to raise money for their expeditions
- These private trading companies sold shares to investors who provided start-up funding
- In return for taking on the risk of the investment, investors were paid based on the profits of the expedition
- Many modern business structures, such as the American corporation, are founded on principles of the joint-stock company
Popularized in the 1600s
4
Q
Dutch West India Company
A
- The joint-stock company that ran the colonies in Fort Orange and in New Amsterdam, which later became New York
- Carried on a profitable fur trade with the Native American Iroquois
- Instituted the patroon system, in which large estates were given to wealthy men who transported at least fifty families to New Netherland to tend the land (few seized the opportunity)
1500s and 1600s
5
Q
Sir Walter Raleigh
A
- Selected Roanoke Island as a site for the first English settlement
- Returned to England to secure additional supplies, but he found the colony deserted upon his return; it is not known what became of the Roanoke settlers
- Raleigh abandoned his attempts to colonize Virginia after the failure at Roanoke
- Held back by a lack of financial resources and the war with Spain, English colonization in America was impeded for fifteen years
1587
6
Q
St. Augustine, Florida
A
- French Protestants (Huguenots) went to the New World to freely practice their religion, and they formed a colony near modern-day St. Augustine, Florida
- Spain, which oversaw Florida reacted violently to the Huguenots because they were trespassers and because they were viewed as heretics by the Catholic Church
- Spain sent a force to the settlement and massacred the fort’s inhabitants
- The settlement at St. Augustine, Florida, is considered to be the first permanent European settlement in what would become the United States
1598
7
Q
Jamestown
A
- Named for James I (1566-1625), Queen Elizabeth’s successor in England
- James I granted charters for charter colonies in the New World
- In 1607, the Virginia Company of London settled Jamestown, the first permanent English settlement
- Swampy location led to disease and contaminated water sources
- Despite its location and hostile relations with Native Americans, John Smith’s harsh, charismatic leadership of the colony helped keep it from collapsing
- In 1619, African slaves arrived at Jamestown, becoming the first group of slaves to reach a British settlement
Established 1607
8
Q
“The Starving Time”
A
- A period of starvation endured by the Jamestown colonists
- The colonists depended upon trade with the local Native Americans for their food supplies
- A series of conflicts between the colonists and the Native Americans limited the colonists’ ability to trade for supplies and to farm their own food
- A large number of colonists died and others tried to flee to England; however, boats arrived with supplies from England intercepted the colonists and forced them to return to Jamestown
- Additional support from England, the development of new industries, and the creation of new trade partnerships helped ensure the settlement’s long-term survival
1609-1610
9
Q
Indentured Servitude
A
- Poor workers, convicted criminals, and debtors received immigration passage and fees in return for a number of years at labor on behalf of a planter or company
- Servants entered into their contracts voluntarily and kept some legal rights
- However, servants had little control over the conditions of their work and living arrangements, and the system led to harsh and brutal treatment
- It remained the predominant system of labor until the 1670s; Bacon’s Rebellion made the practice seem more risky to planters and owners, and improving economic conditions in England decreased the supply of servants
- Many owners relied on slave labor instead
1600s
10
Q
John Rolfe
A
- English colonist in Jamestown, Virginia
- Married Pocahontas
- Created process for curing tobacco, ensuring economic success for Jamestown
1585-1622
11
Q
House of Burgesses
A
- Representative assembly in Virginia
- Election to a seat was limited to voting members of the charter colony, which at first was all free men; later rules required that a man own at least fifty acres of land to vote
- First representative house in America
- Instituted the private ownership of land but maintained the rights of colonists
1619
12
Q
Headright System
A
- System used by the Virginia Company to attract colonists
- It promised them parcels of land(roughly fifty acres) to immigrate to America
- Also gave nearly fifty acres for each servant that a colonist brought, allowing the wealthy to obtain large tracts of land
- The system solidified the use of indentured servitude for the time being
Introduced in 1618
13
Q
The Separatists and Plymouth
A
- Separatists were Puritans who believed the Church of England was beyond saving and felt that they must break away from it
- One group of Separatists that suffered harassment from the government fled to Holland and then to America
- Members of this group traveled on the Mayflower and became known as the Pilgrims, a term used for voyagers seeking to fulfill a religious mission
- The Mayflower set sail from Plymouth, England, in September 1620 and landed in Provincetown Harbor, settling in what became Plymouth, Massachusetts
- Before landing in the New World, the Pilgrims formed the Mayflower Compact, which provided for a government guided by the majority
- William Bradford (1590-1657) served as the Plymouth Colony’s first governor
1620
14
Q
Massachusetts Bay Colony
A
- Joint-stock company charted by a group of Puritans escaping King James I
- Led by John Winthrop, who taught that the new colony should be a model of Christian society
- These Puritans carefully organized their venture and upon arriving in Massachusetts, did not undergo the “starving time” that had often plagued other first-year colonies
- The government of Massachusetts developed to include a governor and a representative assembly
1629
15
Q
Delaware
A
- Dutch patroons established the first settlement in Delaware
- That settlement was destroyed by Native American attacks
- The Dutch West India Company and Dutchmen, including Peter Minuit, began to trade and settle in Delaware during the mid-to-late 1630s
- Between 1664 and 1674, Delaware switched between Dutch and English ownership, ending with English ownership in 1674
1631
