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AP HUG Examples > Unit 4 > Flashcards

Unit 4 Flashcards

1
Q

What are states that aren’t agreed as independent in the UN? (2)

A

Palestine
(Not recognized by 56 countries)

Kosovo
(Not recognized by UN)

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2
Q

What are 4 examples of nations?

A
  1. Native Hawaiians
  2. Navajo people
  3. the Maasai (in East Africa)
  4. African/ Arab tribal groups in Darfur (Sudan)
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3
Q

What are the best examples of nation states?

A
  1. Japan
  2. Iceland
  3. Denmark
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4
Q

Where did the idea of a nation state come from?

A

Europe

Drew borders in the 19th century to match national identities (made Poland)

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5
Q

What is an example of nations causing a lack of unity in Spain?

A
  1. Basques
  2. Catalans
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6
Q

What are 4 examples of a multi state nation?

A
  1. Korea
  2. Soviet Union
  3. Kurdish
  4. Basque
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7
Q

What is an example of irredentism?

A

Russia trying to annex Ukraine

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8
Q

What are two examples of multinational states that have trouble creating unity?

A
  1. Iran (different groups such as Sunnis, Shias, and Kurdish)
  2. Yugoslavia (had to break up)
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9
Q

What is are two examples of an autonomous regions?

A
  1. Hong Kong (has a different gov than the one in China)
  2. Aland (self governing territory in Finland)
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10
Q

What is an example of a semiautonomous region?

A

American Indian Reservations (has authority to operate under certain different laws)

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11
Q

What are 7 examples of a stateless nation?

A
  1. Tribal nations (U.S.)
  2. Basque people (Spain)
  3. Catalans (Spain)
  4. Flemish (Belgium - Flanders and Wallonia)
  5. Palestinians
  6. Jewish People (until 1948)
  7. Kurdish
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12
Q

What are 3 examples of a state using neocolonialism?

A
  1. The Chinese in Kenya
    Kenya use Chinese company to make railroad = China has control
  2. The French in West Africa (now have bases there for military)
  3. US in Latin America, Africa, Asia and the Middle East (military bases there)
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13
Q

What is an example of a company using neocolonialism?

A

American telephone company in India

Located in India because:
1. Developing country
2. Cheaper tax
3. Looser regulations
4. Cheap labor

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14
Q

What are multinational companies?

A

Corporations that operate in more than one country
For example: Apple, McDonalds

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15
Q

When does neocolonialism usually occur?

A

After decolonization

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16
Q

What are examples of waterway choke points?

A
  1. Strait of Malacca (transports soybeans)
  2. Strait of Hormuz (transports oil)
  3. Suez Canal (busiest trade route in the world
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17
Q

What is the prime example of a shatter belts?

A

The Balkan Peninsula:
- was the Ottoman Empire
- was Yugoslavia (broke into different
states - Croatia, Bosnia and
Herzegovina

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18
Q

What are three examples of a shatter belt made due to religious conflict?

A
  1. India and Pakistan over Kashmir
  2. Israel and Palestine
  3. Sudan and South Sudan (Christians south + Islamic North)
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19
Q

How is territoriality shown?

A
  1. By delimiting and demarcating boundaries
  2. By controlling people and activities inside their area of claim
  3. Defending the area from external groups
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20
Q

What caused the Balkan Peninsula to be a shatter belt?

A

Self determinism against Soviet Union

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21
Q

What is an example of an independent state that is not really sovereign?

A

Cuba

Cuba is dependent on the Soviet Union for necessities so the Soviet Union has a strong influence on Cuba

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22
Q

What is an example of a state’s sovereignty being violated?

A

U.S. and Guatemala

US support coup to overthrow Carlos Castillo Armas

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23
Q

Which countries had the “quest for an empire”

A

Spain, Portugal, Britain, France, The Netherlands, and Belgium

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24
Q

Which two states had the largest empires?

A

Spain and Britain

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25
Q

What are the three horsemen of colonialism?

A

God, Gold, Glory

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26
Q

What impact did Britain’s legacy imperialism have on the world?

A

English in the US and Australia

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27
Q

What impact did Spain’s ”legacy imperialism” have on the world?

A

Spanish in South and Central America

Highest number of Christians in Latin America

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28
Q

How did imperialism affect Africa?

A

The Berlin Conference in 1884 made superimposed boundaries in Africa

These boundaries created economic and social problems
For ex.) Rwandan Genocide

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29
Q

Why were the boundaries made in Africa at the Berlin Conference so bad?

A
  1. They didn’t follow the Murdock Ethnic Map and caused social problems
    For ex.) Rwandan Genocide
  2. Made the counties there dependent on European countries
  3. Bad education there
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30
Q

What were 6 independence movements away from imperialism and colonialism?

A
  1. India from Britain
  2. Areas in Africa and Southeast Asia throw off colonialism from France
  3. American Revolution
  4. Scotland from the UK
  5. Kurds from Syria, Turkey, Iran, and Iraq
  6. People from Algeria and Kenya from Britain
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31
Q

What is an example of a definitional boundary dispute?

A

Belize and Guatemala boundary dispute

Guatemala didn’t agree with the boundary (wanted more than half of Belize)

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32
Q

What is example of a locational boundary dispute?

A

The border between the US and Mexico

The Rio Grande (the border between US and Mexico) changes because it is a River

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33
Q

What is an operational boundary dispute?

A

Dispute over how to handle a boundary

For ex.)
How to effectively make us boundary so Mexican migrants can’t come in

For ex.)
Boundary between India and Pakistan (Kashmir)

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34
Q

What is an example of a country demarcating a border?

A

Morocco and Spain border wall

35
Q

What is an example of a restricted border?

A

DMZ in North and South Korea

36
Q

What is an example of an open border?

A

The Schengen Area in Europe

37
Q

What are 3 examples of antecedent boundaries?

A
  1. boundary between US and Canada (49th parallel)
  2. boundary between Malaysia and Indonesia (Dutch and British made)
  3. Chile and Argentina
38
Q

What is an example of a subsequent boundary?

A

European boundaries
(Boundaries of France, Germany etc)

39
Q

What are two examples of consequent boundaries?

A
  1. Balkan Region (boundaries followed ethnic and cultural divisions)
  2. India (boundaries followed where Muslims (Pakistan) and Hindus (India) were)
40
Q

What is a prime example of superimposed boundaries?

A

Africa (boundaries made at Berlin Conference)

41
Q

What are 5 examples of Relic Boundaries?

A
  1. The Berlin Wall separating East and West Germany
  2. Vietnam (split between communist north and the south)
  3. The Iron Curtain (in Europe)
  4. Confederacy in US

Maybe on day boundary between North and South Korea

42
Q

What is an advantage to having a sea boundary?

A

Being more economically developed and easier trade with other countries

43
Q

What is an example of a dispute over a maritime border?

A

Dispute in South China Sea

China claims land there with nine dash line, but it’s not actually China’s

44
Q

What are 10 examples of Unitary States?

A
  1. the UK
  2. France
  3. Spain
  4. Norway
  5. Poland
  6. Algeria
  7. Japan
  8. China
  9. Indonesia
  10. Bangladeshi
45
Q

What are the advantages of Unitary States?

A
  1. Efficiency
  2. Less corruption at a local level
46
Q

What are the disadvantages of Unitary States?

A
  1. Disconnected with local areas not aware to the issues there
  2. Hard to distribute goods and services
  3. One sided politics
47
Q

What are 10 examples of Federal States?

A
  1. Mexico
  2. Germany
  3. US
  4. Russia
  5. India
  6. Brazil
  7. Malaysia
  8. Australia
  9. Sudan
  10. Canada
48
Q

What are the advantages of federal states?

A
  1. Less conflict within different regions
  2. Diversity in opinions
  3. Boost in political participation
49
Q

What are the disadvantages of federal states?

A
  1. Focus more on local issues instead of the whole country
  2. Regional governments conflict with federal government
50
Q

What process is redistricting?

A

Geographic process : boundaries redrawn

Political process: boundaries drawn by state legislature

51
Q

What are two majority minority groups?

A
  1. African American
  2. Latino
52
Q

What is an example of Gerrymandering not accurately representing the partisan makeup?

A

Ohio

2018 popular vote = democrats won over 50% of vote

Only got 4/16 congressional districts

53
Q

Legal challenges to gerrymandered have mixed results. What is example of this?

A

Pennsylvania

Republicans gerrymandered and held the state’s legislature = violated state’s constitution

State redrew political map = evenly divided (but now, Republicans have the majority)

54
Q

What were the two key judicial rulings on gerrymandering?

A
  1. US Supreme Court
    Gerrymandering is a political issue not a judicial one. Therefore, gerrymandering is an issue for the state legislatures, not the federal court
  2. North Carolina’s State court
    A new congressional map was made in North Carolina (2019) to ease republicans gerrymandering
55
Q

What is a way that states can fix to gerrymandering?

A

By making a redistricting commission

Commissions can be
1. Bipartisan (made up of members from both parties)

  1. Independent (separate from legislature)
56
Q

What is an “at large election?”

A

When the entire population of a geographical area elects someone to represent the whole group

57
Q

What is a “district election?”

A

When and single individual is elected to represent the population of a smaller geographical area (wards)

58
Q

What is a “mixed system election?”

A

A mixture of both “at large” and “district elections”

For example.) a board of 9 members (3 voted at large and 6 voted by individual school districts

59
Q

What is are 6 examples of devolution?

A
  1. The UK (power devolved in administrations in Scotland, Wales and Northern Ireland)
  2. Spain - Catalonia and Basque
  3. Yugoslavia into Balkan states
  4. Quebec and Nunavut/ Inuit people (Canada)
  5. Belgium (Flanders and Wallonia)
  6. Nigeria (Biafra, Arewa, Oduduwa)
  7. US (autonomous regions for Native Americans)
60
Q

What are the factors that challenge a state’s sovereignty?

A
  1. Physical geography
  2. Ethnic Separatism
  3. Economic and Social problems
61
Q

What is are 5 examples of physical geography causing devolution?

A
  1. The Philippines
    Has trouble governing because there are 7,7600 islands
  2. The Basques (separated by mountains)
  3. The Kurds (separated by mountains)
  4. Indonesia (separated by water)
  5. Kashmir (separated by mountains)
62
Q

What are 7 examples of ethnic separatism causing devolution?

A
  1. The Basques
  2. The Catalonians
  3. The Kurds
  4. The people in South Ossetia and Abkhazia from Georgia
  5. The Chinese in East Turkmenistan and Tibet
  6. Iraq (different groups in Iraq)
  7. Belgium (Wallonians/ French and Flanders/ Flemish)

These people wants stronger political power

63
Q

What is distance decay?

A

How spatial interactions decrease as distance increases

64
Q

What is friction of distance?

A

The effect of distance decay

65
Q

What are 5 examples of ethnic cleansing?

A
  1. Myanmar and the Rohingya
  2. Nazi party and the Jews
  3. Rwandan Genocide
  4. Yugoslavia (against Muslims)
  5. Chinese government and Uyghurs
66
Q

What are 3 examples of economic issues causing devolution?

A
  1. Canadian Provinces
    Western workers (blue collared jobs) move to get more revenue (eastern workers have more of revenue)
  2. Catalonia Spain
    Catalans pay tax for development of other regions but not their own
  3. Scotland (oil)
67
Q

What is an example of a social issue causing devolution?

A

Wales (Nation in UK)

Different culture and language than rest of Britain = discriminated upon

68
Q

How do states respond to devolution?

A
  1. Making sub national political territorial units
  2. Sharing more power with sub national political territorial units
  3. Giving sovereignty and self determination
  4. Giving independence
  5. Disentegration
69
Q

What are 3 examples of a state breaking a state up into sub national political territorial units?

A
  1. Belgium (Flanders and the Wallonia)
  2. Canada (the creation of Nunavut )
  3. Nigeria (different ethnic groups in Nigeria = split up)
70
Q

What is a factor leading to ethnic separatism in Belgium?

A

Language

Many who speak Flemish as first language speak French but not vice versa

71
Q

Did NATO have any economic impacts on member states?

A

No, NATO led to increase in foreign military aid not economic impacts.

The EU however did lead to increases in per capita economic production (free market trade and investment

72
Q

Where is the Strait of Hormuz Located and what benefits did it have for the surrounding countries?

A

The Strait of Hormuz is located near the Persian Gulf (near countries such as Iran and the United Arab Emirates)

This strait is a choke point that help countries in that area influence ship movement

73
Q

What kind of maritime borders does UNCLOS make?

A

Superimposed borders
(Superimposed on the water’s surface)

74
Q

What do political boundaries represent?

A

The spatial extent of a state’s territorial power and sovereignty

75
Q

What can supranationalism do to a state?

A

It can challenge the state on a national level (challenge to sovereignty)

76
Q

What can be used on a local scale to challenge a state’s sovereignty?

A

The cell phone

77
Q

What are 3 examples of terrorism causing devolution?

A
  1. Uyghurs in China (re education camps)
  2. Palestinians in Israel
  3. Basque ETA (1959-2011)
78
Q

What are 2 examples of a number of sovereign states changing?

A
  1. Soviet Union
  2. South Sudan
79
Q

What are 5 examples of a state having self determination?

A
  1. Balkans (Yugoslavia)
  • rest are stateless nations:
    2. Kurds
    3. Palestinians
    4. Basques
    5. Catalans
80
Q

What are 2 examples of a shatter belt region?

A
  1. Eastern Europe during the Cold War
  2. North and South Korea
81
Q

What are 4 examples of disintegration?

A
  1. The Soviet Union
  2. East Timor from Indonesia
  3. South Sudan from Sudan
  4. Eritrea from Ethiopia
82
Q

What are 2 examples of multinational states?

A
  1. The US
  2. Canada
83
Q

How are antecedent boundaries usually made?

A

By following physical geography

AP HUG Examples (5 decks)

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