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Unit 4 Flashcards

1
Q

Why measure PERS? Clinical and Counseling Settings

A

Clinical Settings:
-ID symptoms
-Diagnosis
-Treatment planning
-Comprehensive Ass.

Counseling Settings:
-Matching Styles w/ treatment
-Help marriage/couple counseling

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2
Q

Why measure PERS? Industrial/organized and Forensic Settings

A

Industrial/Organized:
-Hiring (esp. stressful jobs)
-Promotion
-Eval. of office dynamics & team building

Forensic:
-Custody eval.
-Parole Eval.
-Competency to stand trial
-Insanity defense eval.

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3
Q

Unstructured VS Structured Methods

A

Unstructured:
-Allows broad latitude in client response
-Projective techniques fit this description

Structured:
-Has rules for administration, scoring, interpretation, & reporting of results
-Self-report & bhvr rate scales follow ^ format

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4
Q

4 Approaches to test construct

A

Theory Guided: Logic/rational approach by theoretical perspective
Empirical Criterion Keying/Method of Contrasted Groups
Factor analysis
Combo of ^

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5
Q

Theory Guided Inventory

A

Logic/rational approach by theoretical perspective
-Traits (and trait anx)
-States (and state anx)

EX: State-trait ANX Inventory (STAI)
-Dev. w/ logic-rational approach
-20 Likert items ass. state anx, 20 ass. trait anx
State ANX = Now/temporary feels, I feel… (tense, nervous, worried, ect.), 1-4
Trait ANX = Stable feels

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6
Q

Empirical Criterion-Keyed Inventory (Method of Contrasted Groups) Example

A

MMPI-2 (Minnesota Multiphasic PERS. Inventory)
-Multiphasic: Broad PERS inventory addressing many disorders
-Most used and researched psych test

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7
Q

MMPI Background

A

1930s (P. 1943) U. of Minnesota by Hathaway & McKinely
-Consisted of 566 T/F Qs
-Goal: Screen for MH problems in medical patients
-Helped psy. diagnosis in treatment & rsch settings

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8
Q

What approach was used to develop Empirical Criterion-Keyed Inventory (Method of Contrasted Groups)? Use Steps

A

Statistical/atheoretical item selection
1) Start w/ Lg pool of Qs reflecting psych symptoms & PERS characteristics (>1000 Qs)
2) Criterion group w/ disorder formed
3) Control group formed w/out disorder
4) Criterion & control G answer all Qs
5) Qs Stat. differ those w/ & w/out disorder

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9
Q

ECK/MCG Components defined

A

Empirical: stat. approach to Q selection
Criterion-keyed: Qs scored (keyed) by direction answered by criterion/disorder group

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10
Q

Concerns about ECK/MCG Approach (4)

A

-Criterion group (each of 50 people) est. before DSM-I
-The only exclusion for control group was those not under medical care at the time
-Stat. Q selection approach may leave out th. relevant items
-Item overlap: Same Qs on many scales potentially incorrectly elevating scores

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11
Q

Basics of (10) clinical scales

A

Measure wide rng of syndromes & symptoms, forming val. & supplementary scales
-Clinical scores converted to t-scores (M=50, SD=10)
*70 was cutoff, MMPI-2 cutoff is 65t
-Cannot interpret scores w/out eval. val. scale

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12
Q

Validity Scales & Responses

A

Detect response val.
-Notices random, careless, or confused responses
*Overreporting/”faking bad” symptoms possibly motivated by disability, drugs, sentence play down, attnt, ect.
*Underreporting/”Faking good” symptoms possibly motivated by job or not wanting to “look crazy”

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13
Q

Cannot Say Score (1/4 VS)

A

Qs left blank or double marked (T&F)

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14
Q

L (Lie) Scale (2/4 VS)

A

Qs reflecting defensiveness/unwilling to admit to even minor short comings/flaws /fake good
-May reflect H morality
-Lying about sm short comings

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15
Q

F (Infrequency) Scale (3/4 VS)

A

Qs infrequently endorsed in the “norm” population/fake bad
-May show random response, cry for help, or severe distress
-Frequently bad

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16
Q

K (Correction) Scale (4/4 VS)

A

Clinical reflection of subtle defensiveness
-^ score “corrects”/adjusts for degree of defensiveness
-Correction degree based on criterion G
-Goal is to INC scores
-Korrection for defensiveness to INC scores

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17
Q

Interpreting the 10 basic clinical scales

A

Scale-by-scale interpretation
Configural/CODE type Interpretation: H 2-3 scales, esp those standing out
-Rsch & clinical exp. offers info abt typical characteristics of someone w/ specific code type

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18
Q

MMPI criticisms (6)

A

-Original norm sample sm & not representative of pop.
*Participants mostly 35yo, W, married, rural trade workers

-Item overlap
-Heterogenous/diverse clinical scales may be elevated
-Objectionable & outdated Qs
-Lack of Qs regarding current diagnostic criteria
-Length (566 Qs)

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19
Q

MMPI-2

A

P. 1989 to maintain STR & correct MMPI
-INC rep. of norm sample (2600 subjects ages 18-85, INC diversity)
-Dropped bad Qs
-New Qs in areas of interest
*Suicidal tendencies, drug abuse, treatment attitude, work attitude, ect.
-New Val. scale
-10 scales ~same
-567 Qs able to complete in 60-90 minutes for those at an 8TH GRADE READING LEVEL
*Sig. cutoff 65t

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20
Q

Instruments related to MMPI-2

A

MMPI-A (adolescents)
MMPI-3 (P. 2020)
-DEC length
-restructured clinical scale
-New, INC rep. norm sample
-Rsch still needed

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21
Q

test-retest (psychometric) for MMPI-2

A

H measuring “traits”, L measuring fluctuating clinical conditions

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22
Q

INT Consistency (psychometric) for MMPI-2

A

L for BCS b/c heterogenous/diverse Q content of some scales

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23
Q

Content Val. (psychometric) for MMPI-2

A

Qable b/c key diagnostic criteria possibly missing from Q pool

24
Q

Projective PERS Tests (PPT) Background

A

Projective Hypothesis: We structure ambiguous stimuli w/ patterns of our needs, fears, desires, & conflicts
-Selected response Qs VS Constructed-response Qs
*Similar to structured VS unstructured (open-ended) interview

25
PPT STR (4)
-Maybe L easy to fake (is debated) -L reliant on verbal skills, esp reading -Taps unconscious & conscious material *According to analytic tradition/psychoanalysis -Rebels against obj testing benefitting uniqueness & individuality *Consistent w/ humanistic tradition
26
PPT WK
Projective Paradox: Tests w/ widespread use despite concerns of psychometric properties (norms, reliability, & Val.)
27
Rorschach VS TAT (5)
-TAT is received by scientific community, R not -TAT is based on Murray's Th. of needs, R is atheoretical -TAT is supported by conservative claims, R oversold by extreme ones -TAT not claim to diagnose, R purported diagnosis -TAT has clinical & non-clinical uses, R mostly clinical use
28
Rorschach Inkblot Test
Developed by Herman R 10 stimuli inkblot cards (5 B&W; 2 B, W, & R; 3 mutlicolor) -Same cards shown to adults and kids -Rich, complex clinical instrument needing H training & exp to master
29
R ink test scoring system history
R died before scoring system (SS) was made, other psych. made it -John Exner integrated SS to Comprehensive Scoring System, M widely used -2010 new administration, scoring, & interpretation system, R Performance Ass. System (R-PAS)
30
Classic Approach to R Administration
-Examiner sits side by side w/ client -Client shown card 1 at a time and asked what they think shape is (Percept) -R-PAS 2-3 responses requested no more than 4
31
Inquiry Phase (response clarification for R-PAS)
Examiner reminds client of responses and asks for clarification -Where did you see that? ect
32
What is R test scored by?
Number of responses -INC rng possible b/c Exner's L structured system -Location, content, form quality, determinants, & popular-original
33
R Scoring contents defined (5)
Location: Where is seen, what part forms percept? Content: What is seen, animal-human-nature? Form Quality: How easy/well percept matches blot features? Determinants: What determines how it looks like that? -Form, color, movement, shading/texture Pop-original: Is it commonly seen?
34
R Qs considered about responses
Thought process issue? -Odd/unusual responses, those bizarre Present themes? -Morbid or aggressive responses
35
R Interpretation Use
< Used to make hypothesis about client's COG style, stress lvl, coping style, emotional functioning, reality contact, interpersonal style, ect.
36
Bonus Interpretation Indexes
R-Prognosis Rating Scale: Predicts potential therapy success Thought Disorder Index: Eval disorder extent
37
R Psychometric Properties: Standardization sample
Norms sample -R-PAS now including international sample norm (15 nations) -Child norms in transition
38
R Psychometric Properties: Rel., test-rest VS inter-scorer
Test-retest: Some qualities effecting responses to INC stability, others transient & situational Inter-scorer: Scoring ~consistent in those trained to interpret
39
R Psychometric Properties: Val. (4)
Not simple -Clinical interpretations Qable w/ inconsistent rsch -Relies on test purpose -"Blue ribbon expert" claim Val. reliable w/ similar tests -"Virtuoso" examiners report chance performance in controlled settings
40
Is R test worth it? (4)
-Is a sample of PS bhvr obtained in a standardized context -May reveal info not obtained w/ self-report -Needs extensive training -Time consuming & expensive
41
PT background/Basic Types (4)
-Association technique: Use of words & inkblot -Construction of Stories: response to pictures -Sentence completion -Self expression
42
Word Association Tests History
Sir F. Galton & Carl Jung made early versions Jung's task is clinically useful by key words stimulating areas of conflict -Mix of neutral & emotionally charged stim. -Response, reaction time, popularity, ect eval. for content
43
Sentence Completion Tasks
Client completes sentence stem (neutral & emotional) -Many versions *Adolescent, A, OA *Different settings (therapy, individual, school, ect.)
44
Sentence Completion Tasks: Most common test
Rotter Incomplete Sentences Blank -HS, college, & A versions -40 sentence stems (I like...The happiest time...)
45
Rotter Incomplete Sentences Blank Eval.
Qual: Obsv reoccurring themes Quant: Score assigned to each answer based on if +, neutral, or conflict -Overall maladjustment Response: total score (short, humorous responses score H)
46
Rosenwig Picture Frustration Study
Qs for kids, teens, & A -24 comic strip pictures where client fills in conversation btwn characters Goals: -Reaction to frustration -Direction of aggression *Anger on self, others, or property/object *Shows constructive coping/PS & frustration tolerance *Evasiveness or denial
47
Play therapy as PT
Play kits w/ human &/or animal figures, puppets, ect Goal: Observe quality of characters' interactions -Child may project concern & IRL conflicts -Is appealing to kids and L verbal activity
48
Pictures as Projective Stimuli (TAT)
Thematic Apperception Test (TAT) -Developed 1935 at Harvard U. Clinic (Morgan & Murray) -Based on psychoanalytic tradition -Apperceive: Perceive items as past exp. or perceptions -Most widely used picture/story telling PT
49
TAT Structure
31 B&W cards (1 all W) w/ ambiguous scenes usually w/ people in it -Client responds to 20
50
TAT Administration
~Qs: Tell me a story. What led to this? What is character thinking/feeling?
51
TAT scoring (4-5)
Hero Assumption: Client ID w/ protagonist in story Needs/Inner state: What motivates/influences bhvr Press: ENV factors influencing needs satisfaction Theme & Outcome: < Eval. common across stories Qual & Quant analysis possible
52
Child Apperception Test (CAT = Kid TAT)
10 pictures for 3-10yo -Most popular version is CAT-A(nimal)
53
WK of Story telling PT (4)
Is inadequate -Standardized for administration & scoring -Normative data (norm for subject at said time) -Reliability (test-retest) maybe situational or transient INT states -Validity: Attde in story match IRL bhvr?
54
Why is story telling PT still used if inadequate? (5)
-Tradition, longevity, inertia -Intuitive, fun appeal -Potential rich data source from INC talking -Is thought of as "interview method" to obt data & themes to follow -Best used as supplement for thorough clinical interview & objective testing
55
TAT WK
Dark, gloomy pictures, pulls for - & depressing stories
56
Picture Projective Tests (PPT)
Still B&W that is more uplifting & family oriented -Figure = person, background = ENV
57
PPT Tasks (3)
-Draw a person(DAP) (of opposite gender) -House-Tree-Person (HTP) -Kinetic Family Drawing (KFD): Drawing of family doing something

Psych Assessment (4 decks)

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