Unit 4 Flashcards
Why measure PERS? Clinical and Counseling Settings
Clinical Settings:
-ID symptoms
-Diagnosis
-Treatment planning
-Comprehensive Ass.
Counseling Settings:
-Matching Styles w/ treatment
-Help marriage/couple counseling
Why measure PERS? Industrial/organized and Forensic Settings
Industrial/Organized:
-Hiring (esp. stressful jobs)
-Promotion
-Eval. of office dynamics & team building
Forensic:
-Custody eval.
-Parole Eval.
-Competency to stand trial
-Insanity defense eval.
Unstructured VS Structured Methods
Unstructured:
-Allows broad latitude in client response
-Projective techniques fit this description
Structured:
-Has rules for administration, scoring, interpretation, & reporting of results
-Self-report & bhvr rate scales follow ^ format
4 Approaches to test construct
Theory Guided: Logic/rational approach by theoretical perspective
Empirical Criterion Keying/Method of Contrasted Groups
Factor analysis
Combo of ^
Theory Guided Inventory
Logic/rational approach by theoretical perspective
-Traits (and trait anx)
-States (and state anx)
EX: State-trait ANX Inventory (STAI)
-Dev. w/ logic-rational approach
-20 Likert items ass. state anx, 20 ass. trait anx
State ANX = Now/temporary feels, I feel… (tense, nervous, worried, ect.), 1-4
Trait ANX = Stable feels
Empirical Criterion-Keyed Inventory (Method of Contrasted Groups) Example
MMPI-2 (Minnesota Multiphasic PERS. Inventory)
-Multiphasic: Broad PERS inventory addressing many disorders
-Most used and researched psych test
MMPI Background
1930s (P. 1943) U. of Minnesota by Hathaway & McKinely
-Consisted of 566 T/F Qs
-Goal: Screen for MH problems in medical patients
-Helped psy. diagnosis in treatment & rsch settings
What approach was used to develop Empirical Criterion-Keyed Inventory (Method of Contrasted Groups)? Use Steps
Statistical/atheoretical item selection
1) Start w/ Lg pool of Qs reflecting psych symptoms & PERS characteristics (>1000 Qs)
2) Criterion group w/ disorder formed
3) Control group formed w/out disorder
4) Criterion & control G answer all Qs
5) Qs Stat. differ those w/ & w/out disorder
ECK/MCG Components defined
Empirical: stat. approach to Q selection
Criterion-keyed: Qs scored (keyed) by direction answered by criterion/disorder group
Concerns about ECK/MCG Approach (4)
-Criterion group (each of 50 people) est. before DSM-I
-The only exclusion for control group was those not under medical care at the time
-Stat. Q selection approach may leave out th. relevant items
-Item overlap: Same Qs on many scales potentially incorrectly elevating scores
Basics of (10) clinical scales
Measure wide rng of syndromes & symptoms, forming val. & supplementary scales
-Clinical scores converted to t-scores (M=50, SD=10)
*70 was cutoff, MMPI-2 cutoff is 65t
-Cannot interpret scores w/out eval. val. scale
Validity Scales & Responses
Detect response val.
-Notices random, careless, or confused responses
*Overreporting/”faking bad” symptoms possibly motivated by disability, drugs, sentence play down, attnt, ect.
*Underreporting/”Faking good” symptoms possibly motivated by job or not wanting to “look crazy”
Cannot Say Score (1/4 VS)
Qs left blank or double marked (T&F)
L (Lie) Scale (2/4 VS)
Qs reflecting defensiveness/unwilling to admit to even minor short comings/flaws /fake good
-May reflect H morality
-Lying about sm short comings
F (Infrequency) Scale (3/4 VS)
Qs infrequently endorsed in the “norm” population/fake bad
-May show random response, cry for help, or severe distress
-Frequently bad
K (Correction) Scale (4/4 VS)
Clinical reflection of subtle defensiveness
-^ score “corrects”/adjusts for degree of defensiveness
-Correction degree based on criterion G
-Goal is to INC scores
-Korrection for defensiveness to INC scores
Interpreting the 10 basic clinical scales
Scale-by-scale interpretation
Configural/CODE type Interpretation: H 2-3 scales, esp those standing out
-Rsch & clinical exp. offers info abt typical characteristics of someone w/ specific code type
MMPI criticisms (6)
-Original norm sample sm & not representative of pop.
*Participants mostly 35yo, W, married, rural trade workers
-Item overlap
-Heterogenous/diverse clinical scales may be elevated
-Objectionable & outdated Qs
-Lack of Qs regarding current diagnostic criteria
-Length (566 Qs)
MMPI-2
P. 1989 to maintain STR & correct MMPI
-INC rep. of norm sample (2600 subjects ages 18-85, INC diversity)
-Dropped bad Qs
-New Qs in areas of interest
*Suicidal tendencies, drug abuse, treatment attitude, work attitude, ect.
-New Val. scale
-10 scales ~same
-567 Qs able to complete in 60-90 minutes for those at an 8TH GRADE READING LEVEL
*Sig. cutoff 65t
Instruments related to MMPI-2
MMPI-A (adolescents)
MMPI-3 (P. 2020)
-DEC length
-restructured clinical scale
-New, INC rep. norm sample
-Rsch still needed
test-retest (psychometric) for MMPI-2
H measuring “traits”, L measuring fluctuating clinical conditions
INT Consistency (psychometric) for MMPI-2
L for BCS b/c heterogenous/diverse Q content of some scales