Unit 1 Flashcards by Alura Stehley

Grad Record Exam (GRE)

Administered by ETS (Educational Testing Service), decides future school/career advancements
-Verbal reasoning, quantitative reading, analytical writing

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Issue: What is a norm/comparison?

-Does accurately rep?
-Consistent/reliable? Valid?

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Places making decisions based on Assessments

-Hospitals make diagnostics, treatment, and triage
-Schools assess Cog, higher education placement, emotion, & bhvr
-College/U decide admissions, scholarships, & licensing’s
-Jobs decide Hiring, placement, and promotion
-Neuropsych: Diagnosis, treatment, prognosis
-FP: Trials, custody, ect

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Chinese Civil Service Exams

The first series of psych. ass. of 3 exams, testing diverse topics, that were physically grueling, exhausting, & stressful

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Physiognomy, phrenology, and psych. graphing

Judging INS (inside) w/ outside features/shape of head
-Bigger/smaller area phy. relfects INC/DEC INT there

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German Psych

Memory drum test, testing visual & verbal perceptions

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Conrad Reiger

Developed battery tests (100+), ass. cog. abilities after a TBI

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Brass Instruments Era

1800s role of psych noticed
-Sensory threshold & reaction time measured
-“AVG” brain interest
-Wilhelm Wundt

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The Father of Eugenics

S. Francis Galton AKA Father of Health Testing
-Set up human measurement lab
-Individual differences and INT measurement
-Corr. techniques for data analysis
-Author of Hereditary Genius, promotion of eugenics

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Brass Instrument Tech

Imported to America by Cattell
-Studied by Wundt & Galton
-Coined term “Mental test”
Est. of psych corp, promotion, and testing

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Rating Scales

Quantify subjective psy. Vs
-Christian Thomasius made first PER. scale

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Switching to higher mental proscesses

-Binet coins the term “higher mental processes”
-Belief that INTs and memory could be enhanced/higher
-“Non-INT” factors (Attention, motivation, ect) affect INT performance
-Binet helped ID those needing special/different educations

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Binet-Simon Scale

30-item scale testing child-mental DEV
-Short test ~1hr
-Items arranged by difficulty
-Didn’t like IQ, believing INT can’t be measured/not fixed
-“mental age” introduced
-Revisions introducing teenagers, then eventually adulthood

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IQ (INT Quotient)

Mental age VS actual ratio
-Was 5-10 VS 30-35 OR 2-4 VS 10-12
-Now Mental age / # age X 100 (to make easier to understand)

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Binet-Simon Scale CONT

(Lewis Terman) Stanford U changes Q RNG, testing “Low” or “Superior” INT
-Yields IQ
-LT wanted to test people to better place them in careers

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Early use & Abuse of tests in US

-Vineland training school in NJ
-Binet-S scale translated to use on immigrants, still reflecting US culture only
-“Feeble minded” (deemed at 8-12) thought to need to be contaminated to stop spreading

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Ellis Island

Goddard tasked to screen 12M immigrants
-“Feeble minded” thought to be the cause of crimes, ect
-Test was janky and conditions were harsh
-Reports of “FM” inferiority, later recanted

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Army Alpha Assess. VS Army Beta Assess

Alpha: 8 verbally loaded tests to screen AVG-HIGH INT

Beta: 8 parallell non-verbal tasks to test those illiterate, and non-native-Engl speaking

-Both had poor/janky testing conditions, instructions
-Brigham wrote Study of American Intelligence, comparing to non-Americans, causing racial prejudices and belief that they were inferior

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Immigration Restriction Act

Sterilization of the “FM”
- Brigham eventually recants statement, admiting that cultural, language, & educational differences were the cause of “FM”, not genetic inferiority

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National INT Test

1920s, given to children, establishing the College Entrance Exam Board (CEEB) to screen students
-CEEB replaced by Educational Testing Service (ETS), developing GRE & SAT

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Interest Inventories

Measures for guidance counseling and career interest
-Carnegie Interest Inventory, Kudar preference Record

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Personal Data sheet

Woodworth data sheet used to study army recruits

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Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI)

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Clinically used to do psy. diagnosis, pre-employment screening, medical/substance use testing, forensic evals, ect
-Inspires the Big 5 PER Inventory (Openness, conscientiousness, extraversion, agreeableness, and neuroticism

Projective Hypothesis

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Reveals/projects hidden needs, desires, conflict responding to ambiguous stim
-Expands clinical psy, health psy, Child-clinical psy, FP, and industrial psy

Emphasis on Evidence Based Practices

Need for proof that therapy works -Ass. of patients for insurance -Clinical psych was thought to be just "mental testing"

Descriptive VS Inferential Stats

Descriptive describes, Inferential uses math to infer about a sample

Magnitude

How much, "value", M-L-=to

Equal Interval

Difference btwn Vs (distance btwn A & B)

Nominal data

categorical data, no magnitude, 0, and =Intervals

Ordinal data

Ranking data (1st-3rd place) -Has magnitude and =intervals, no 0

Interval data

Has magnitude and =intervals, no 0 (temperature)

Ratio data

time, calories, ect -Has magnitude, =intervals, and 0

Criterion test VS Norm test#

Criterion: Must = or surpass a certain degree -Final grade for a pre-requisite class Norm test: AVG, comparison test

Frequency Distribution

All scores listed going up or down w/ # of times scored -Could be cumulative

Grouped Freq. Distributions

Score intervals used to sum. data -Must be =intervals

Histogram

Scores tested along x, freq. along y, using continuous data

Frequency Polygon

Scores tested along x, freq. along y, Line graph that uses continual data

Bar graph

Scores tested along x, freq. along y, Uses discrete data

Normal VS + skewed VS - skewed

A normal distribution is a perfect bell curve. Negatively skewed data clusters to the right side. -Test too easy, insufficient ceiling Positively skewed data clusters to the left side. -Test too hard, insufficient floor

Arithmetic M (ean)

Sum of scores / n -Can be influenced by extreme scores

Mdn & Mode

Mdn - Middle score of dist. listed L-G or G-L Mode - Most common/freq. score -Highest point on freq. curve

Measures of central tendency

M, Mdn, Mode

Measure of Variability/Dispersion

How close together or spread out are the scores in the group?How do the scores vary/are dispersed on the graph? -Rng -Variance & SD

Range

Difference between highest and lowest score -Doesn't offer much info -Scores are possible outliars

Normal Curve

Smooth, bell-shaped, mathematically defined curve -Highest in center (Mode) -M is +/- 1SD

Standard Score

Raw score converted from original scale to another to arbitrarily set the M & SD -EX common currency VS $ in another country -z-score, t-score, SAT scores

Z Score

EX: Score: 74, M = 70, SD = 4. The person scored +1SD from the average. -x(score) - M / SD = z-score -WK: Can be + or -, can have decimals

t-scores

Have an advantage over z-score by eliminating decimals and NEG scores. -Common in personality tests & interest inventories

Percentile

% of people/subjects falling below a given score -STR: Readily understandable by most people -WK: Unequal intervals along a number line -Sm scores in middle, Lg on outside -Not like a test score

Standard Test

Clearly IDs procedures for administration -EX timed VS untimed tasks -Clearly IDs scoring proceedures

Norm/Standardization

Rep. sample of test takers to give scores/results context -Closer the client, better the comparison

Random VS Stratified Sample

Random sampling gives each person in Pop. an = chance to be selected. Stratified has those from "key" subgroups in the same proportion they occur in the population.

Incidental/Convenient Sample

The conveniently available sample, those willing to participate

Subgroup Norm

Scores compared only to those in the same subgroup, the norm of the subgroup. -EX concussed Skelly VS others w/ concussion

Location Norm, Age Norm, & Grade Norm

Location = Norms in a certain area. Age = AVG performance for each age in the norm sample. -Can change w/ age, allows for comparison to others the same age Grade = AVG performance of a certain school lvl/year

Norm Ref Test VS Criterion/mastery Ref Test

Norm is based on AVG -Examines L-H, uses REP sample, provide MAX discrimination Criterion-ref test must meet a certain standard and has relevance -INC used to determine HS eligibility

Unit 1 Flashcards

(56 cards)