UNIT 4

Question 1

Spontaneous Recovery

Answer 1

the reappearance, after a pause, of an extinguished conditioned response.

Question 2

Variable-Interval Schedule

Answer 2

reinforcing a response after an unpredictable amount of time has elapsed.

Question 3

Acquisition

Answer 3

the initial stage of classical conditioning when one links a neutral stimulus and an unconditioned stimulus so the neutral stimulus begins triggering the conditioned response. OR the strengthening of a reinforced response in operant conditioning.

Question 4

Variable-Ratio Schedule

Answer 4

reinforcing a response after an unpredictable number of responses.

Question 5

Classical Conditioning

Answer 5

a type of unconscious learning in which we link two or more stimuli where the first stimulus comes to elicit an involuntary behavior in anticipation of an associated stimulus.

Question 6

Shaping

Answer 6

an operant conditioning procedure in which reinforcers guide behavior toward closer and closer approximations of the desired behavior.

Question 7

Stimulus Generalization

Answer 7

the tendency for similar stimuli to the conditioned stimulus to elicit similar conditioned responses.

Question 8

Extinction

Answer 8

the diminishing of a conditioned response when the unconditioned stimulus does not follow the conditioned stimulus.

Question 9

Conditioned Response

Answer 9

a learned response to a previously neutral but now conditioned stimulus.

Question 10

Observational Learning

Answer 10

learning by watching or viewing others.

Question 11

Negative Punishment

Answer 11

decreasing behaviors by removing or reducing desired rewards to weaken a response.

Question 12

Conditioned Stimulus

Answer 12

an originally neutral stimulus that, after association with an unconditioned stimulus, comes to trigger a conditioned response.

Question 13

Neutral Stimulus

Answer 13

a stimulus that elicits no response before conditioning

Question 14

Latent Learning

Answer 14

learning that occurs but is not apparent until there is an incentive to demonstrate it

Question 15

Unconditioned Response

Answer 15

an unlearned, naturally occurring response to an unconditioned stimulus

Question 16

Unconditioned Stimulus

Answer 16

a stimulus that naturally and automatically triggers an unconditioned response.

Question 17

Positive Reinforcement

Answer 17

increasing behaviors by introducing something desirable to strengthen the response.

Question 18

Learned Helplessness

Answer 18

the passive resignation an animal or person learns when unable to avoid repeated aversive events

Question 18

Negative Reinforcement

Answer 18

increasing behaviors by stopping or removing aversive stimuli to strengthen a response.

Question 19

Stimulus Discrimination

Answer 19

the learned ability to distinguish between a conditioned stimulus and similar stimuli that do not signal an unconditioned stimulus.

Question 20

Positive Punishment

Answer 20

decreasing behaviors by introducing or adding aversive stimuli to weaken a response.

Question 21

Operant Conditioning

Answer 21

a type of conscious learning in which a behavior becomes more likely to recur if followed by a reinforcer or less likely to recur if followed by a punisher.

Question 22

Fixed-Interval Schedule

Answer 22

reinforcing a response only after a specified time has elapsed.