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AP PSYCH > UNIT 3 > Flashcards

UNIT 3 Flashcards

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1
Q

Place Theory

A

in hearing, the theory that links the pitch we hear with the place where the basilar membrane is stimulated.

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2
Q

Figure-Ground Relationship

A

the organization of the visual field into objects that stand out from its background.

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3
Q

Top-Down processing

A

information processing guided by higher-level mental processes, as when we construct perceptions drawing on our experiences and expectations.

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4
Q

Pinna

A

the cartilage outer ear that funnels auditory information.

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5
Q

Supertaster

A

a person with a gene that increases sensitivity to bitter tastes.

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6
Q

Kinethesis

A

the movement sense; our system for sensing the position of movement of individual body parts.

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7
Q

Rods

A

retinal receptors that detect black, white, and gray, are sensitive for movement, and vital for peripheral and dark vision.

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8
Q

Iris

A

a ring of muscle tissue that forms the colored portion of the eye around the pupil and controls the size of the pupil opening.

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9
Q

Trichromatic Theory

A

Young-Helmholtz’s theory that the retina contains red, green, and blue color receptors.

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10
Q

Selective Attention

A

the focusing of conscious awareness on a particular stimulus.

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11
Q

Accomodation

A

the process by which the eye’s lens changes shape to focus near or far objects on the retina.

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12
Q

Signal Detection Theory

A

a theory predicting how and when we detect the presence of a faint stimulus amid background noise.

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13
Q

Sensory Transduction

A

conversion of sensory information into electrical signals to be processed by the nervous system.

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14
Q

Subliminal

A

below one’s absolute threshold for conscious awareness.

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15
Q

Optic Nerve

A

the nerve that carries neural impulses from the eye to the brain.

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16
Q

Gate-Control Theory

A

the spinal cord contains a “gate” that controls whether pain signals get sent to the brain or not

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17
Q

Difference Threshold

A

the minimum difference between two stimuli required for detection of the just noticeable difference 50% of the time.

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18
Q

Sensation

A

the process by which our sensory receptors and nervous system receive and represent stimulus energies from our environment

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19
Q

Retina

A

the light-sensitive inner surface of the eye containing photoreceptors.

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20
Q

Monocular Cues

A

a depth cue available to either eye alone.

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21
Q

Change Blindness

A

failing to notice changes in the environment.

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22
Q

Weber’s Law

A

the principle that, to be perceived as different, two stimuli must differ by a constant minimum percentage.

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23
Q

Gustation

A

the sense of taste

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24
Q

Cocktail Party Effect

A

the ability to focus on particular auditory information amidst a range of other typically loud stimuli.

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25
Q

Audition

A

the sense or act of hearing.

26
Q

Retinal Disparity

A

a binocular cue comparing retinal images from the two eyes to compute depth.

27
Q

Perceptual Set

A

a mental predisposition to perceive one thing and not another.

28
Q

Amplitude

A

the height of a wave of light that determines its intensity.

29
Q

Proprioception

A

the use of touch receptors to detect changes in balance and position to coordinate movement.

30
Q

Sensorineural Hearing Loss

A

hearing loss caused by damage to the cochlea’s receptor cells or to the auditory nerve

31
Q

Inattentional Blindness

A

failing to see visible objects when our attention is directed elsewhere

32
Q

Perceptual Constancy

A

perceiving objects as unchanging even as illumination and retinal images change.

33
Q

Depth Perception

A

the ability to see objects in three dimensions although they land on the retina in two dimensions, allowing us to judge distance.

34
Q

Gestalt

A

a branch of psychology that suggests our tendency to integrate pieces of information into meaningful wholes.

34
Q

Binocular Cues

A

a depth cue that depends on the use of two eyes.

34
Q

Wavelength

A

the distance from the peak of one wave to the peak of the next

34
Q

Tympanic Membrane/ Eardrum

A

the vibrating wall between outer and middle ear.

35
Q

Somatosensation

A

the sense of touch

36
Q

Cochlea

A

a coiled, fluid-filled tube in the inner ear that transduces auditory information into nerve impulses.

37
Q

Lens

A

the transparent structure behind the pupil that changes shape to help focus images on the retina.

38
Q

Schemas

A

a concept or framework that organizes and interprets information

39
Q

McGurk Effect

A

an auditory-visual illusion that illustrates how perceivers merge information for speech sounds across senses.

40
Q

Semicircular Canals

A

in the inner ear, the 3 fluid filled tubes associated with balance

41
Q

Basilar Membrane

A

the surface of the cochlea with hairs of varying stiffness that respond to different frequencies of auditory information

42
Q

Frequency Theory

A

in hearing, the theory that the rate of nerve impulses traveling up the auditory nerve matches the frequency of a tone.

43
Q

Cornea

A

the eye’s clear, protective outer layer

44
Q

Sensory Adaptation

A

diminished sensitivity as a consequence of constant stimulation.

45
Q

Pupil

A

the adjustable opening in the center of the eye through which light enters.

46
Q

Vestibular Sense

A

the sense of balance.

47
Q

Sensory Interaction

A

the principle that one sense may influence another.

48
Q

Opponent Process Theory

A

the theory that opposing retinal processes (red-green, blue-yellow, white-black) enable color vision.

49
Q

Feature Detectors

A

nerve cells in the brain’s visual cortex that respond to specific features of the stimulus (shape, angle, or movement).

50
Q

Perception

A

the process of organizing and interpreting sensory information, enabling us to recognize meaningful objects and events.

51
Q

Olfaction

A

The sense of smell

52
Q

Hue

A

Dimension of color determined by wavelength

53
Q

Cones

A

color processing cells in eye

54
Q

Context Effects

A

influence of environmental factors on one’s perception of a stimulus

55
Q

Bottom Up Processing

A

when sensory receptors pick up signals for the brain to integrate and process

56
Q

Absolute Threshold

A

the lowest amount of a stimulus that is detectable 50% of the time

57
Q

Conductive Hearing Loss

A

Hearing loss caused by something that stops sounds from getting through the outer or middle ear

AP PSYCH (2 decks)

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