Unit 4 Flashcards
Catabolism
Energy rich molecules + ADP ⇒ energy depleted molecules + ATP
Anabolism
Small simple molecules → large complex molecules
Need ATP
Hormones
Small molecules or proteins that connect all the organs in the body
Carry info and signals between central nervous system and tissues
Signal transduction
Ligand bind to specific receptor
Result in change in the cell
Change in enzyme activity turns pathways on/off (response)
Glucagon
Protein
Released from pancreas
In response to low blood glucose
Glucagon receptors
Liver: release of glucose, increase blood glucose
Fat: release FA (ATP)
Epinepherine
Small molecule
Released from kidney
In response to stress or exercise
Epinephrine receptors
Liver: release glucose
Fat: release FA
Muscle: use FA and glucose to do work
Insulin
Protein
Released from pancreas
Response to high blood glucose
Insulin receptors
Fat: uptake glucose, lower blood glucose
Muscle: uptake glucose, lower blood glucose
Liver: metabolize glucose, store glucose
Leptin
Protein
Release from fat cells after a meal
Suppresses appetite
Alpha carbon
OH at C1 below plane
Beta carbon
OH at C1 above plane
Starch bonds
Alpha 1,4 bonds
Branches = alpha 1,6
Form compact hollow cylinders
Cellulose bonds
Beta 1,4 bonds
Straight chain
Exclude water
Tightly packed
Sucrose
Glucose + fructose
Alpha 1 beta 2 bond
Non Reducing
Lactose
Galactose + glucose
Beta 1,4 linkage
Reducing
Maltose
Glucose x 2
Alpha 1,3 linkage
Reducing
Glucagon pathways
Glycogen breakdown (release glucose)
Gluconeogenesis (produce glucose)
Ketogenesis (produce glucose)
Lipolysis (FA release, glycerol release)
Kinase
Transfer of phosphoryl group from ATP to acceptor
Phosphorylase
Phosphorolysis
Phosphate is the attacking species
Like hydrolysis
Add Phosphate across bond
Phosphatase
Remove phosphate group
Pathways: Fed
Glycogenesis
Glycolysis
FA Synthesis
Cholesterol Synthesis
PPP
Glycogenesis Purpose + Location
Liver/muscle
Storage form of glucose
Glycolysis Purpose + Location
Multiple
Produce NRG
FA Synthesis Purpose + Location
Liver
Produce cholesterol
PPP Purpose + Location
Liver + Other
Prouduce NADPH, intermediates, etc
Pathways: Fasting
Glycogenolysis
Gluconeogenesis
Lipolysis
Ketogenesis
Glycogenolysis Purpose + Location
Liver
Increase blood glucose `
Gluconeogenesis Purpose + Location
Liver
Increase blood glucose
Lipolysis Purpose + Location
Liver + adipose
Release FA
Ketogenesis Purpose + Location
Liver
Produce ketone bodies
Type 1 Diabetes
Insufficient production of insulin
Autoimmune destruction of beta cells
Early in life
Type 2 Diabetes
Later in adulthood
Cells don’t respond properly to insulin
Associated with obesity
Pathways requiring NADPH
FA synthesis
Cholesterol synthesis
Nucleotide synthesis
Detox
Need ribose 5 phosphate more than NADPH
Glycolysis + non oxidative phase
Glucose 6 P ⇒ glyceraldehyde 3 P ⇒ ribose 5 P
NADPH and ribose 5 phosphate needs are balanced
Oxidative only
Can make NADPH and ribose 5 P from glucose 6 P
Need NADPH more than ribose 5 phosphate
Oxidative → non oxidative → 1 reversible step from gluconeogenesis
Glucose 6 P ⇒ glyceraldehyde 3 P ⇒ dihydroxyacetone P ⇒ glycerol
Need NADPH and ATP
Oxidative ⇒ non oxidative ⇒ glycolysis ⇒ pyruvate
Can do CAC and e- chain
Make pyruvate
PPP oxidative phase
Generate ribose 5 phosphate
Generated NADPH
PPP non oxidative phase
Reversible
Generate glycolysis intermediates
Generate pentose phosphates for making nucleotides
PPP location
Cytosol
Type 1 Diabetes treatment
Insulin
Type 2 Diabetes treatment
Diet
Exercise
Drugs
Carboxylase regulation
Citrate stimulate
Insulin stimulate
Glucagon and epinephrine inhbit
Palmatite inhibit
FA Regulation
Insulin → phosphorylate and activate ACC
ACC convert acetyl CoA to malonyl CoA
Malonyl coA stop transport of FA to mitochondria
Stop addition of carmitine to FA
Aspirin
Irreversible inhibitor
Transfer acetyl group to serine residue in the active site
Ibuprofen
Competitive inhibitors
Replace substrate
Fates of cholesterol
Incorporate into membranes
Exported
Bile acids
Steroid hormones
Cholesterol esters
Converted to oxysterol (regulator)
Converted to vitamin D
Bile acids
Aid in digestion
Hydrophilic
Emulsifiers of fat globules
Cholesteryl esters
Cholesterol w/ FA from CoA attached to OH
Acyl CoA cholesterol acyltransferase
Can’t function in membranes
Hydrophobic
Transported to other tissues
Chylomicrons
Carry dietary lipids
Highest level of TAG
Effects of insulin signaling
Glucose uptake (GLUT4)
Glycogen synthesis (glycogen synthase)
Glycolysis (FBPase 2 inhibit)
Oxidoreductases
Dehydrogenase
Reductase
e- transfer
Transferase
Kinase
Glycogen synthase
Group transfer
Lyases
Dehydratases
PEPCK
Break chemical bonds
Isomerase
Mutase
Transfer groups within molecules
TAG synthesis order
Glucose
Acetyl CoA
Malonyl CoA
Palmitoyl CoA
Phosphatidic acid
TAG
Stimulate endocytosis of LDL
ApoB 100
