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Bio Chem 501 > Unit 4 > Flashcards

Unit 4 Flashcards

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1
Q

Catabolism

A

Energy rich molecules + ADP ⇒ energy depleted molecules + ATP

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2
Q

Anabolism

A

Small simple molecules → large complex molecules
Need ATP

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3
Q

Hormones

A

Small molecules or proteins that connect all the organs in the body

Carry info and signals between central nervous system and tissues

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4
Q

Signal transduction

A

Ligand bind to specific receptor
Result in change in the cell

Change in enzyme activity turns pathways on/off (response)

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5
Q

Glucagon

A

Protein
Released from pancreas
In response to low blood glucose

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6
Q

Glucagon receptors

A

Liver: release of glucose, increase blood glucose
Fat: release FA (ATP)

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7
Q

Epinepherine

A

Small molecule
Released from kidney
In response to stress or exercise

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8
Q

Epinephrine receptors

A

Liver: release glucose
Fat: release FA
Muscle: use FA and glucose to do work

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9
Q

Insulin

A

Protein
Released from pancreas
Response to high blood glucose

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10
Q

Insulin receptors

A

Fat: uptake glucose, lower blood glucose
Muscle: uptake glucose, lower blood glucose
Liver: metabolize glucose, store glucose

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11
Q

Leptin

A

Protein
Release from fat cells after a meal
Suppresses appetite

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12
Q

Alpha carbon

A

OH at C1 below plane

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13
Q

Beta carbon

A

OH at C1 above plane

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14
Q

Starch bonds

A

Alpha 1,4 bonds
Branches = alpha 1,6
Form compact hollow cylinders

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15
Q

Cellulose bonds

A

Beta 1,4 bonds
Straight chain
Exclude water
Tightly packed

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16
Q

Sucrose

A

Glucose + fructose
Alpha 1 beta 2 bond
Non Reducing

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17
Q

Lactose

A

Galactose + glucose
Beta 1,4 linkage
Reducing

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18
Q

Maltose

A

Glucose x 2
Alpha 1,3 linkage
Reducing

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19
Q

Glucagon pathways

A

Glycogen breakdown (release glucose)

Gluconeogenesis (produce glucose)
Ketogenesis (produce glucose)

Lipolysis (FA release, glycerol release)

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20
Q

Kinase

A

Transfer of phosphoryl group from ATP to acceptor

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21
Q

Phosphorylase

A

Phosphorolysis
Phosphate is the attacking species

Like hydrolysis
Add Phosphate across bond

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22
Q

Phosphatase

A

Remove phosphate group

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23
Q

Pathways: Fed

A

Glycogenesis
Glycolysis
FA Synthesis
Cholesterol Synthesis
PPP

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24
Q

Glycogenesis Purpose + Location

A

Liver/muscle

Storage form of glucose

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25
Q

Glycolysis Purpose + Location

A

Multiple

Produce NRG

26
Q

FA Synthesis Purpose + Location

A

Liver

Produce cholesterol

27
Q

PPP Purpose + Location

A

Liver + Other

Prouduce NADPH, intermediates, etc

28
Q

Pathways: Fasting

A

Glycogenolysis
Gluconeogenesis
Lipolysis
Ketogenesis

29
Q

Glycogenolysis Purpose + Location

A

Liver

Increase blood glucose `

30
Q

Gluconeogenesis Purpose + Location

A

Liver

Increase blood glucose

31
Q

Lipolysis Purpose + Location

A

Liver + adipose

Release FA

32
Q

Ketogenesis Purpose + Location

A

Liver

Produce ketone bodies

33
Q

Type 1 Diabetes

A

Insufficient production of insulin
Autoimmune destruction of beta cells
Early in life

34
Q

Type 2 Diabetes

A

Later in adulthood
Cells don’t respond properly to insulin
Associated with obesity

35
Q

Pathways requiring NADPH

A

FA synthesis
Cholesterol synthesis
Nucleotide synthesis
Detox

36
Q

Need ribose 5 phosphate more than NADPH

A

Glycolysis + non oxidative phase
Glucose 6 P ⇒ glyceraldehyde 3 P ⇒ ribose 5 P

37
Q

NADPH and ribose 5 phosphate needs are balanced

A

Oxidative only
Can make NADPH and ribose 5 P from glucose 6 P

38
Q

Need NADPH more than ribose 5 phosphate

A

Oxidative → non oxidative → 1 reversible step from gluconeogenesis

Glucose 6 P ⇒ glyceraldehyde 3 P ⇒ dihydroxyacetone P ⇒ glycerol

39
Q

Need NADPH and ATP

A

Oxidative ⇒ non oxidative ⇒ glycolysis ⇒ pyruvate
Can do CAC and e- chain
Make pyruvate

40
Q

PPP oxidative phase

A

Generate ribose 5 phosphate
Generated NADPH

41
Q

PPP non oxidative phase

A

Reversible
Generate glycolysis intermediates
Generate pentose phosphates for making nucleotides

42
Q

PPP location

A

Cytosol

43
Q

Type 1 Diabetes treatment

A

Insulin

44
Q

Type 2 Diabetes treatment

A

Diet
Exercise
Drugs

45
Q

Carboxylase regulation

A

Citrate stimulate
Insulin stimulate
Glucagon and epinephrine inhbit
Palmatite inhibit

46
Q

FA Regulation

A

Insulin → phosphorylate and activate ACC
ACC convert acetyl CoA to malonyl CoA

Malonyl coA stop transport of FA to mitochondria
Stop addition of carmitine to FA

47
Q

Aspirin

A

Irreversible inhibitor
Transfer acetyl group to serine residue in the active site

48
Q

Ibuprofen

A

Competitive inhibitors
Replace substrate

49
Q

Fates of cholesterol

A

Incorporate into membranes
Exported
Bile acids
Steroid hormones
Cholesterol esters
Converted to oxysterol (regulator)
Converted to vitamin D

50
Q

Bile acids

A

Aid in digestion
Hydrophilic
Emulsifiers of fat globules

51
Q

Cholesteryl esters

A

Cholesterol w/ FA from CoA attached to OH
Acyl CoA cholesterol acyltransferase
Can’t function in membranes
Hydrophobic
Transported to other tissues

52
Q

Chylomicrons

A

Carry dietary lipids
Highest level of TAG

53
Q

Effects of insulin signaling

A

Glucose uptake (GLUT4)

Glycogen synthesis (glycogen synthase)

Glycolysis (FBPase 2 inhibit)

54
Q

Oxidoreductases

A

Dehydrogenase
Reductase

e- transfer

55
Q

Transferase

A

Kinase
Glycogen synthase

Group transfer

56
Q

Lyases

A

Dehydratases
PEPCK

Break chemical bonds

57
Q

Isomerase

A

Mutase

Transfer groups within molecules

58
Q

TAG synthesis order

A

Glucose
Acetyl CoA
Malonyl CoA
Palmitoyl CoA
Phosphatidic acid
TAG

59
Q

Stimulate endocytosis of LDL

A

ApoB 100

60
Q
A

Bio Chem 501 (4 decks)

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