Unit 3

Question 1

Thermodynamics (def)

Answer 1

How much NRG released as a reaction proceeds towards equilibrium

Question 2

Negative ΔG (2)

Answer 2

Exergonic
Reaction proceed towards products

Question 3

Positive ΔG (2)

Answer 3

Endergonic
Reaction proceed towards reactants

Question 4

Enthalpy change (2)

Answer 4

Difference in bond energies between reactants and products

Formed - broken

Question 5

Exothermic (3)

Answer 5

Release heat
Negative ΔH
More stable bonds formed

Question 6

Endothermic (3)

Answer 6

Need heat input
Positive ΔH
Less stable bonds formed

Question 7

Entropy (2)

Answer 7

Change in randomness

Increase in randomness is a positive ΔS

Question 8

Standard conditions (def)

Answer 8

1M of each species

Question 9

Product Favored (Keq & ΔG°)

Answer 9

Keq > 1
ΔG° < 1

Question 10

Reactant Favored (Keq & ΔG°)

Answer 10

Keq < 1
ΔG° > 1

Question 11

Glycolysis prep stage (2)

Answer 11

C6 → 2x C3
Put in 2 ATP

Question 12

Glycolysis payoff stage (2)

Answer 12

2x C3 → 2x pyruvate + 4 ATP + 2 NADH
Net gain = 2 ATP + 2 NADH

Question 13

Hexokinase Rxn (3)

Answer 13

Add phosphate from ATP to glucose (coupled)

Make glucose 6 phosphate
Highly favorable

Question 14

Phosphohexose isomerase (2)

Answer 14

Glucose → fructose
Isomerize to break in half later

Question 15

Phosphofructokinase (4)

Answer 15

Fructose 6 P + ATP→ fructose 1,6 bisphosphate + ADP

Add another phosphate to fructose

Put in 1 ATP

Favorable, coupled

Question 16

Phosphofructokinase regulation

Answer 16

ATP regulates by binding to allosteric site (when high concentration)

Question 17

Aldolase (1)

Answer 17

Hexose → 2 trioses

Question 18

Triose phosphate isomerase (TPI)

Answer 18

Interconvert between trioses

Question 19

Oxidation of glyceraldehyde 3 P (3)

Answer 19

Only redox reaction

Energy of oxidation preserved in phosphate bond + NADH

Dehydrogenase reaction

Question 20

Phosphoglycerate kinase
(3)

Answer 20

First payoff

Coupled to substrate level phosphorylation

1, 3 Bisphosphoglycerate → 3 PGA

Question 21

Phosphoglycerate mutase (3)

Answer 21

Rearrange molecule
Redistribute energy
3 Phosphoglycerate → 2 Phosphoglycerate

Question 22

Formation of phosphoenolpyruvate

Answer 22

Create phosphoenolpyruvate

Question 23

ATP from PEP (3)

Answer 23

Create pyruvate
Second payoff (1 ATP)
Favorable

Question 24

Reactions in mitochondria

Answer 24

Citric acid cycle
Respiration

Question 25

Reactions in cytoplasm

Answer 25

Glycolysis
Fermentation

Question 26

Kinases

Answer 26

Add phosphate groups

Question 27

Dehydrogenases

Answer 27

Oxidize the organic compounds and generate energy

Question 28

Isomerases

Answer 28

Convert one isomer to another
Rearrange molecule

Question 29

Aldolase

Answer 29

Break down sugars

Question 30

Mutase

Answer 30

Type of isomerase
Move functional group on molecule

Question 31

Pyruvate dehydrogenase complex
E1

Answer 31

Decarboxylation
Release CO2

Question 32

Pyruvate dehydrogenase complex
E2

Answer 32

Oxidation
Byproduct is Acetyl CoA

Question 33

Pyruvate dehydrogenase complex
E3

Answer 33

Shuttle electrons to NAD+
Create FADH2 intermediate
End product is NADH + H+
Regenerate lipoic acid

Question 34

Where is NRG stored (pyruvate dehydrogenase reaction)

Answer 34

Thioester bond of acetyl CoA
NADH

Question 35

Pyruvate converted to ethanol because

Answer 35

Ethanol is more oxidized than pyruvate

Question 36

How to make reaction favorable with large Del G

Answer 36

Couple to ATP hydrolysis

Question 37

Why is pyruvate converted to lactate

Answer 37

To replenish Nad+

Question 38

Carnitine

Answer 38

Essential for transport of FA across mitochondrial membrane

Question 39

Why is balanced photosynthesis equation not correct

Answer 39

O2 results from splitting H2O
6 H2O can’t form 6 O2

Question 40

What occurs in the calvin cycle

Answer 40

NADPH and ATP are used to reduce CO bonds

Question 41

Glycolysis Step 1

Answer 41

Favorable
Coupled to ATP breakdown

Question 42

Glycolysis step 3

Answer 42

Favorable
ATP breakdown

Question 43

Glycolysis step 4

Answer 43

Unfavorable
Le Chatelier’s principle

Question 44

Glycolysis step 7

Answer 44

Favorable
Payoff

Question 45

Glycolysis step 10

Answer 45

Favorable
Payoff

Question 46

CAC Step 1

Answer 46

Favorable
Regulated

Question 47

CAC step 3

Answer 47

Favorable
Payoff

Question 48

CAC Step 4

Answer 48

Favorable
Payoff

Question 49

CAC step 8

Answer 49

Positive del g
Conditions far from standard

Question 50

FA Oxidation Steps

Answer 50

Activation
Transport
Oxidation

Question 51

Beta Oxidation Steps

Answer 51

Dehydrogenation
Hydration
Dehydrogenation
Thiolytic cleavage

Question 52

Cite of urea production

Answer 52

Liver

Question 53

Outside NH4+ detoxified as

Answer 53

Glutamine
Alanine

Question 54

Glucogenic

Answer 54

Converted to citric acid cycle intermediates

Question 55

Ketogenic

Answer 55

Converted to acetate

Question 56

Electron transport chain location

Answer 56

mitochondria

Question 57

Glycolysis location

Answer 57

Cytoplasm

Question 58

Light rxn

Answer 58

light + H2O –> NADPH + ATP + O2

Question 59

Dark rxn

Answer 59

NADPH + ATP + CO2 –> Sugar