UNIT 4

Question 1

STEREOISOMERISM

DEFINE STEREOISOMERISM

Answer 1

SAME MOLECULAR FORMULA BUT ATOMS OCCUPY DIFFERENT SPACIAL ARRANGEMENT

Question 2

STEREOISOMERISM

WHAT ARE THE TWO TYPES OF STEREOISOMERIS

Answer 2

GEOMETRICAL AND OPTICAL

Question 3

STEREOISOMERISM

HOW DOES GEOMETRICAL ISOMERISM OCCUR

Answer 3

DUE TO C=C BONDS THERE IS RESTRICTED ROTATION.
FORMS ‘E’ AND ‘Z’ ISOMERS

Question 4

STEREOISOMERISM

HOW DOES OPTICAL ISOMERISM OCCUR

Answer 4

OCCURS WHEN MOECULES HAVE A CHIRAL CENTRE.
GET TWO NON-SUPERIMPOSABLE MIRROR IMAGES

Question 5

HOW IS STERIOISOMERISM DIFFERENT TO STRUCTURAL ISOMERISM

Answer 5

STRUCTURAL ISOMERISM= SAME MOLECULAR FORMULA BUT DIFFERENT STRUCTURAL FORMULAE

STEREOISOMERISM= SAME MOLECULAR FORMULA BUT ATTOMS OCCUPY DIFFERENT POSITIONS IN SPACE

Question 6

STEREOISOMERISM

THREE TYPES OF STRUCTURAL ISOMERISM

Answer 6

CHAIN ISOMERISM , POSITIONAL ISOMERISM , FUNCTIONAL GROUP ISOMERISM

Question 7

when does optical isomerism form

Answer 7

same molecular formula but different spacial arrangement
occurs when there is a asymetrical carbon chiral centre in a molecule.

Question 8

what are two optical isomers calleled

Answer 8

encantomers

Question 9

HOW TO DIFFERENTIATE BETWEEN ENCANTOMERS

Answer 9

SHINE PLANE POLARISED LIGHT ON THEM
EACH ENCANTMER WILL CAUSE THE LIGHT TO ROTATE 90 DEGREES DEPENDING ON WHETHER ITS A LHS OR A RHS ENCANTOMER.

Question 10

EXPLAIN NUCLEOPHILLIC ADDITION IN TERMS OF ECANTOMERS

Answer 10

NUCLEOPHILE CAN ATTACK CARBONYL GROUP FROM ABOVE OR BELOW. CAUSING TWO MIRROR IMAGES OF A TRIGONAL PLANAR MOLECULE TO FORM

Question 11

DEFINE A RACEMIC MIXTURE

Answer 11

EQUAL AMOUNT OF EACH ENCANTOMER FORMED.
NO OVERALL EFFECT AS IT IS EQUAL.

Question 12

DEFINE A RACEMIC MIXTURE

Answer 12

EQUIMOLAR MIXTURE OF EACH ENCANTOMER FORMED.
NO OVERALL EFFECT AS IT IS EQUAL.

Question 13

ALCOHOLS

GENERAL FORMULA
FUNCTIONAL GROUP

Answer 13

CnH2n OH
-OH FUNCTIONAL GROUP

Question 14

PRIMARY ALCOHOLS

Answer 14

-OH GROUP ATTATCHED TO ONLY ONE CARBON ATOM AND ONLY ONE METHYL GROUP IS ATTATCHED

Question 15

TEST FOR PRIMARY ALCOHOLS

Answer 15

CAN BE OXIDISED TO FORM ALDEYDES WHICH CAN BE OXIDISED FURTHER TO FORM CARBOXYLIC ACIDS

Question 16

TEST

ALDEHYDES TO CARBOXYLIC ACIDS

Answer 16

OXIDATION REACTION
ACIDIFIED POTASSIUM DICHRIMATE

GOES FROM ORANGE TO GREEN

Question 17

SECONDARY ALCOHOLS

Answer 17

CARBON ATTATCHED TO HYDROXYL GROUP IS ATTATCHED TO TWO OTHER CARBONS

Question 18

TEST FOR SECONDARY ALCOHOLS

Answer 18

OXIDISED TO FORM KETONES

Question 19

TERTIARY ALCOHOLS

Answer 19

CARBON ATTATCHED TO HYDROXYL GROUP IS ATTATCHED TO TREE OTHER CARBONS

Question 20

TEST

HOW TO IDENTIFY A TERTIARY ALCOHOL

Answer 20

IODOFORM TEST

WILL REACT WITH SODIUM HYDROXIDE TO FORM A YELLOW PRECIPITATE

Question 21

ALDEHYDES

NOMENCLATURE
FUNCTUNAL GROUP

Answer 21

END WITH “-E” OR “-AL”
C=O BOND

Question 22

what is a nucleophile

Answer 22

a species which is strongly attracted to a region of positive charge in something else.

either fully negative or have a strong partially negative region somewhere on molecule

Question 23

acyl meaning

general formula
devivation

Answer 23

-C(O)R
deived from carboxylic acids