4.3 alcohols and phenols Flashcards
how to distinguish between primary. secondary and tertiary alcohols
how mamy R groups are attatched to the carbon bonded to the hydroxy group
what test determines the class of alcohol
the lucas test
results of the lucas test
primary alc- no reaction
secondary alc- cloudiness SLOWLY appears
tertiary alcohol- cloudiness INSTANTLY appears
how are primary alcohols formed
nucleophillic substitution (hydrolysis)
what can aldehydes be reduced to
primary alcoholes
what conditions are needed to reduce an aldehyde to a prjmary alcohol
NaBH4 as a reducing agent [2H]
what is needed to reduce a carboxylic acid into a primery alcohol
LiAlH4 because it is a STRONG REDUCING AGENT [4H]
what type of comounds can be reduced to form secondary alcohols
ketones
conditions to reduce a ketone into a secondary alc
NaBH4
what conditions are needed to form an ester from a carboxylic acid and an alc
small amound of CONCENTRATED sulphuric acid0 (H2SO4) as a catalyst and HEAT
how to esterify a phenol
use an acid chloride (ex. ethanoyl chloride)
why are phenols slightly acidic
can easily use a H+ ion and become a phenoxide ion
typical pH of a phenol
pH 5-6
why can a phenoxide ion exist
because of the delocalised pie electrons surrounding the aromatic structure
phenoxide + sodium hydroxide = ?
sodium phenoxide
