unit 4 Flashcards
Noncustodial options for juvenile offenders
probation, restitution, community service, and house arrest
What did the juvenile justice and delinquency prevention act do
encouraged states to remove status offenders from institutions
what emphasizes military-style discipline and is also known as shock incarceration
Boot camps
is aftercare provided to juveniles after they have been released from some form of custody
yes
What does vocational training in prisons lack?
Updated equipment
what permits healthcare professionals to consult with institutional medical personnel via videoconferencing
telemedicine
What is correct with regard to the use of prisons
They were used more freely beginning in 1980
are recidivism rates rarely used to evaluate jail and prison programs
NO
Are there a few signs that the US is reducing heavy reliance on incarceration
NO
What is maxing out
Where a prisoner serves their entire sentence
What happened in Gagnon v. Scarpelli
The US supreme court ruled that defendants have a limited right to counsel provided to parolees
Are roughly 1/3 of probationers and parolees successfully complete the terms of their agreements
NO
What consists of distinct values, norms, and beliefs identified among prison inmates
Prison subculture
Which theory posits enforcement of the rules and regulations in prison creates an environment conducive to violence
Inmate balance
Are prison officers generally permitted to use physical force against prisoners to prevent escapes?
YES
Roughly what percentage of women in prison have a child under the age of 18?
66%
Enabling inmates to keep close to family during their incarceration is related to…
Enhanced success on parole
What is correct with regard to the Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990?
It applies to prison inmates
Is the cost of housing for younger inmates double that of housing aging inmates?
NO
In what state is the prison model where inmates were isolated from all contact and remained in their cells for 23 hours a day?
Pennsylvania
What is true with regard to the First Step Act
It reduced mandatory penalties for drug offenses
Did the Auburn system stress prevention of interaction of inmates out of concern that they would learn criminal behavior?
NO
What was used to detain defendants in Early England
Gaols
What kind of institutions are prisons considered? Where the same people work, eat, and socialize every day
Total
Most use 4 levels of security classification, which are…
Minimum, Maximum, Medium, and Supermax
Are most jails authorized to house both males and females?
Yes
What is correct about parole boards?
In most states, governors appoint parole boards
Amended in 1972, Title VII of the 1964 Civil Rights Act did what?
Prohibited sex-based discrimination by public employers
Are females underrepresented among the ranks of probation officers and correctional treatment specialists
Yes
Probation
Supervised in the community, still a sentence, but no incarceration
benefits of probation
- Judges have flexible sentencing
- Ability to live in a community and maintain ties
- better able to make restitution/maintain employment
- easier access to treatment, counseling, and other services
- Cheaper than other sanctions
- 55% under correctional supervision
Standard conditions
Remain employed and accountable to probation officers
Punitive conditions
fines and community service
Treatment conditions
substance abuse, general counseling
Treatment revocation
- could happen if individual broke constraints
Memphia v. Rhya (1976)
defendants can’t receive sentence without an autorney
Intermediate sanctions
- between confinement and probation
- lot cheaper than incarceration
- intended to reduce individuals in confinement
Day Reporting Centers (DRCs)
provide treatment and surveillance for people at home
Shock probation
- probation after incarceration
- usually unaware
shock incarceration
- boot camps
- strict military dicipline
- 90-180 days
- first time offenders
Intensive supervision probation (ISP)
- more intense probation
- more restrictions
home confinement/ electronic monitoring
- confinements of home during specific hours
- curfew
- monitor can track you
Parole
like probation, but after incarceration
discretionary parole
parole board influences, institutional behavior, incarceration length, severity of crime, inmate’s history, mental illness, victim input
mandatory parole
involves early release, who’s sentence was reduced through earning good time (good behavior)
Morrissey v. Brewer (1973)
right to due process
clemency
Release by person of authority like the governor
amnesty clemency
release of group or class
commutations clemency
the shortening of sentence
Reprives clemency
capital punishment, and reduction of severity
barriers of reentry
- loss of rights
- felon disenfranchisement laws
- employment
- public housing, student loans, drivers license, adopting or fostering
jails
primarily operated by county gov.
jails house a variety of people
- accused offenders who cannot make bail
- people awaiting trial
- violaters of probation, parole, and bail
- federal and state inmates when prisons are overcrowded
- some mentally ill people waiting to be transferred to mental facilities
- some juveniles who are awaiting trial
- persons convicted and sentenced to 1 year or less
american correctional association provides accreditation for jails and correctional facilities
- ensure jails abide by strict standards
- help jails protect against lawsuits over conditions
- enable operating agencies to better evaluate jails
- enhance professional recognition of contributions of jails
state prisons
- prisons administered by a warden or superintendent
- wards report to commissioner’s office
- state governors appoint commissioners to oversee prisons in that state
minimum security level
non-violent offenders, more freedom and college dorms
medium security level
serious, but not seen as harder criminals
maximum security level
serious threats, contain walls and guards, less freedom
supermax security level
rare, provide the most security, isolated from everyone, most dangerous offenders, spend 23 hours in their cells a day, few privileges
probation officers
primary functions include investigation and supervision
resource mediation
providing probationers with guidance and services to facilitate their success
surveillance
monitoring the activities of probationers
enforcement
take proper steps to ensure that probationers are aware of the need to abide by their probation agreement and properly responding to those who violate their agreement
parole officers
similar to probation officers, however they must navigate assisting offender’s reentry into society
what do parole officers assist with
- finding residences
- maintaining jobs
- managing money
- reestablishing ties with family and friends
- adjusting to living under direct supervision of parole officer
primary responsibilities of correctional officers
- provide security through detaining offenders
- inspecting institutional facilities to ensure they meet standards
- reporting on inmate conduct
- Search inmates for contraband
- ensure incarceration is secure and humane
- provide inmates with opportunities to better themselves
- prepare inmates for release
challenges faced by correctional officers
- secure uncooperative inmates who violate prison rules
- addressing the gap between training and what really occurs
- dealing with the stress associated with the job
- experience hostility and lack of support from senior coworkers and administrators
- being paid low wages for a job with little prestige
jailers
local correctional workers that operate in jails
challenges faced by jailers
- inmate behavior can be volatile or dangerous
- jails are understaffed and overcrowded
- harder to classify and diagnose inmates because of the transient nature of jail populations
wardens
manage prisons and are responsible for prison operations and goals
private prisons
institutions operated by for-profit private companies that contract with federal and state authorities
deprivation
inmates adapt and cope with pains and deprivations of incarcerations (Act out against those in charge)
importation
inmate behaviors are shaped by experiences and beliefs held prior to incarceration
administrative control
prison management practices influenced inmate behavior
costs of housing inmates
- $14,780- $69,000
- average is $33,274
