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Criminal justice > unit 4 > Flashcards

unit 4 Flashcards

1
Q

Noncustodial options for juvenile offenders

A

probation, restitution, community service, and house arrest

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2
Q

What did the juvenile justice and delinquency prevention act do

A

encouraged states to remove status offenders from institutions

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3
Q

what emphasizes military-style discipline and is also known as shock incarceration

A

Boot camps

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4
Q

is aftercare provided to juveniles after they have been released from some form of custody

A

yes

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5
Q

What does vocational training in prisons lack?

A

Updated equipment

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6
Q

what permits healthcare professionals to consult with institutional medical personnel via videoconferencing

A

telemedicine

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7
Q

What is correct with regard to the use of prisons

A

They were used more freely beginning in 1980

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8
Q

are recidivism rates rarely used to evaluate jail and prison programs

A

NO

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9
Q

Are there a few signs that the US is reducing heavy reliance on incarceration

A

NO

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10
Q

What is maxing out

A

Where a prisoner serves their entire sentence

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11
Q

What happened in Gagnon v. Scarpelli

A

The US supreme court ruled that defendants have a limited right to counsel provided to parolees

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12
Q

Are roughly 1/3 of probationers and parolees successfully complete the terms of their agreements

A

NO

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13
Q

What consists of distinct values, norms, and beliefs identified among prison inmates

A

Prison subculture

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14
Q

Which theory posits enforcement of the rules and regulations in prison creates an environment conducive to violence

A

Inmate balance

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15
Q

Are prison officers generally permitted to use physical force against prisoners to prevent escapes?

A

YES

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16
Q

Roughly what percentage of women in prison have a child under the age of 18?

A

66%

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17
Q

Enabling inmates to keep close to family during their incarceration is related to…

A

Enhanced success on parole

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18
Q

What is correct with regard to the Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990?

A

It applies to prison inmates

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19
Q

Is the cost of housing for younger inmates double that of housing aging inmates?

A

NO

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20
Q

In what state is the prison model where inmates were isolated from all contact and remained in their cells for 23 hours a day?

A

Pennsylvania

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21
Q

What is true with regard to the First Step Act

A

It reduced mandatory penalties for drug offenses

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22
Q

Did the Auburn system stress prevention of interaction of inmates out of concern that they would learn criminal behavior?

A

NO

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23
Q

What was used to detain defendants in Early England

A

Gaols

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24
Q

What kind of institutions are prisons considered? Where the same people work, eat, and socialize every day

A

Total

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25
Q

Most use 4 levels of security classification, which are…

A

Minimum, Maximum, Medium, and Supermax

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26
Q

Are most jails authorized to house both males and females?

A

Yes

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27
Q

What is correct about parole boards?

A

In most states, governors appoint parole boards

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28
Q

Amended in 1972, Title VII of the 1964 Civil Rights Act did what?

A

Prohibited sex-based discrimination by public employers

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29
Q

Are females underrepresented among the ranks of probation officers and correctional treatment specialists

A

Yes

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30
Q

Probation

A

Supervised in the community, still a sentence, but no incarceration

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31
Q

benefits of probation

A
  • Judges have flexible sentencing
  • Ability to live in a community and maintain ties
  • better able to make restitution/maintain employment
  • easier access to treatment, counseling, and other services
  • Cheaper than other sanctions
  • 55% under correctional supervision
32
Q

Standard conditions

A

Remain employed and accountable to probation officers

33
Q

Punitive conditions

A

fines and community service

34
Q

Treatment conditions

A

substance abuse, general counseling

35
Q

Treatment revocation

A
  • could happen if individual broke constraints
36
Q

Memphia v. Rhya (1976)

A

defendants can’t receive sentence without an autorney

37
Q

Intermediate sanctions

A
  • between confinement and probation
  • lot cheaper than incarceration
  • intended to reduce individuals in confinement
38
Q

Day Reporting Centers (DRCs)

A

provide treatment and surveillance for people at home

39
Q

Shock probation

A
  • probation after incarceration
  • usually unaware
40
Q

shock incarceration

A
  • boot camps
  • strict military dicipline
  • 90-180 days
  • first time offenders
41
Q

Intensive supervision probation (ISP)

A
  • more intense probation
  • more restrictions
42
Q

home confinement/ electronic monitoring

A
  • confinements of home during specific hours
  • curfew
  • monitor can track you
43
Q

Parole

A

like probation, but after incarceration

44
Q

discretionary parole

A

parole board influences, institutional behavior, incarceration length, severity of crime, inmate’s history, mental illness, victim input

45
Q

mandatory parole

A

involves early release, who’s sentence was reduced through earning good time (good behavior)

46
Q

Morrissey v. Brewer (1973)

A

right to due process

47
Q

clemency

A

Release by person of authority like the governor

48
Q

amnesty clemency

A

release of group or class

49
Q

commutations clemency

A

the shortening of sentence

50
Q

Reprives clemency

A

capital punishment, and reduction of severity

51
Q

barriers of reentry

A
  • loss of rights
  • felon disenfranchisement laws
  • employment
  • public housing, student loans, drivers license, adopting or fostering
52
Q

jails

A

primarily operated by county gov.

53
Q

jails house a variety of people

A
  • accused offenders who cannot make bail
  • people awaiting trial
  • violaters of probation, parole, and bail
  • federal and state inmates when prisons are overcrowded
  • some mentally ill people waiting to be transferred to mental facilities
  • some juveniles who are awaiting trial
  • persons convicted and sentenced to 1 year or less
54
Q

american correctional association provides accreditation for jails and correctional facilities

A
  • ensure jails abide by strict standards
  • help jails protect against lawsuits over conditions
  • enable operating agencies to better evaluate jails
  • enhance professional recognition of contributions of jails
55
Q

state prisons

A
  • prisons administered by a warden or superintendent
  • wards report to commissioner’s office
  • state governors appoint commissioners to oversee prisons in that state
56
Q

minimum security level

A

non-violent offenders, more freedom and college dorms

57
Q

medium security level

A

serious, but not seen as harder criminals

58
Q

maximum security level

A

serious threats, contain walls and guards, less freedom

59
Q

supermax security level

A

rare, provide the most security, isolated from everyone, most dangerous offenders, spend 23 hours in their cells a day, few privileges

60
Q

probation officers

A

primary functions include investigation and supervision

61
Q

resource mediation

A

providing probationers with guidance and services to facilitate their success

62
Q

surveillance

A

monitoring the activities of probationers

63
Q

enforcement

A

take proper steps to ensure that probationers are aware of the need to abide by their probation agreement and properly responding to those who violate their agreement

64
Q

parole officers

A

similar to probation officers, however they must navigate assisting offender’s reentry into society

65
Q

what do parole officers assist with

A
  • finding residences
  • maintaining jobs
  • managing money
  • reestablishing ties with family and friends
  • adjusting to living under direct supervision of parole officer
66
Q

primary responsibilities of correctional officers

A
  • provide security through detaining offenders
  • inspecting institutional facilities to ensure they meet standards
  • reporting on inmate conduct
  • Search inmates for contraband
  • ensure incarceration is secure and humane
  • provide inmates with opportunities to better themselves
  • prepare inmates for release
67
Q

challenges faced by correctional officers

A
  • secure uncooperative inmates who violate prison rules
  • addressing the gap between training and what really occurs
  • dealing with the stress associated with the job
  • experience hostility and lack of support from senior coworkers and administrators
  • being paid low wages for a job with little prestige
68
Q

jailers

A

local correctional workers that operate in jails

69
Q

challenges faced by jailers

A
  • inmate behavior can be volatile or dangerous
  • jails are understaffed and overcrowded
  • harder to classify and diagnose inmates because of the transient nature of jail populations
70
Q

wardens

A

manage prisons and are responsible for prison operations and goals

71
Q

private prisons

A

institutions operated by for-profit private companies that contract with federal and state authorities

72
Q

deprivation

A

inmates adapt and cope with pains and deprivations of incarcerations (Act out against those in charge)

73
Q

importation

A

inmate behaviors are shaped by experiences and beliefs held prior to incarceration

74
Q

administrative control

A

prison management practices influenced inmate behavior

75
Q

costs of housing inmates

A
  • $14,780- $69,000
  • average is $33,274

Criminal justice (3 decks)

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