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Biology 1202 > Unit 4 > Flashcards

Unit 4 Flashcards

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1
Q

main functions of blood

A

transport nutrients to tissues, carry immune cells and antibodies, regulate body temperature, maintain fluid balance, and forms clots which prevent excess bleeding.

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2
Q

Veins

A

blood vessels which move blood towards the heart (blood is unoxygenated)

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3
Q

arteries

A

blood vessels which move blood away from the heart (blood is oxygenated)

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4
Q

capillaries

A

very thin, very small vessels which facilitate the process of gas exchange between the blood and tissues

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5
Q

First part of how blood enters the heart

A

blood enters through the upper right chamber, pumped into the lower right chamber, and then pumped again out of the pulmonary artery towards the lungs, where it will pick up the oxygen and release carbon dioxide

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6
Q

second part of how blood enters the heart

A

oxygenated blood will then reenter the heart through the upper left chamber, pumped into the lower right chamber, and then out the aorta

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7
Q

structure of the lungs

A

two major lobes which are connected via the trachea, which branches off into separate bronchae, which then further branches off into smaller and smaller bronchioles.

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8
Q

What is on the tip of the lung branches

A

the alveoli (bunches of thin-walled cells) where gas exchange will occur

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9
Q

Connection between the circulatory and respiratory system

A

circulatory system transports blood which transport oxygen/carbon dioxide, and the respiratory system enables you to take in oxygen and exhale carbon dioxide

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10
Q

How does smoking cause emphysema

A

its caused by damage to the alveoli, which causes them to have less surface area for gas exchange

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11
Q

what effect does emphysema have on respiration

A

labored breathing (not taking in enough oxygen or releasing enough carbon dioxide)

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12
Q

how does smoking cause bronchitis

A

inflammation of the bronchioles

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13
Q

what effect does bronchitis have on respiration

A

not enough oxygen is getting to lungs and not enough carbon dioxide is being exhaled from the lungs

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14
Q

The effects of smoking in the circulator system

A

smoking increases the amount of plaque on the side of your blood vessels which causes inefficient blood movement so your heart has to pump harder and faster, and a risk of blockage, and increase blood pressure

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15
Q

one way smoking leads to cancer

A

tobacco contains a large quantity of carcinogens

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16
Q

another way smoking can lead to cancer

A

the compounds causes mutations in genes associated with prevent cancer so faster cell division, no checkpoints, and lack or repair

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17
Q

first major step of the digestive process

A

ingestion (eating food)

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18
Q

second major step of the digestive process

A

digestion (physical/chemical breakdown of food into simpler parts)

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19
Q

third major step of the digestive process

A

absoroption (obtaining nutrients from that food

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20
Q

final major step of the digestive process

A

excretion

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21
Q

mouth physical breakdown role in digestion

A

breakdown in food via chewing

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22
Q

mouth chemical breakdown role in digestion

A

breakdown via the secretion of enzymes (start to break down complex sugars)

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23
Q

stomach mechanical breakdown role in digestion

A

via peristalsis (involuntary muscle movement)

24
Q

stomach chemical breakdown role in digestion

A

via secretion of pepsin as well as degradation of food by gastric juices

25
Q

small intestine digestion role

A

chyme enters, at which point pancreas will release compounds to decrease the acidity of the chyme, and the gallbladder will release bile salts to allow for easier absorption of fats.

26
Q

large intetines digestion role

A

water reabsorption, some nutrient absoprtion

27
Q

How do the physical structure of the small intestines facilitates nutrients absorption

A

intestinal cells are lined with villi

28
Q

villi

A

tiny ridges which increase surface area, which thus allows for more sites for nutrient absorption

29
Q

benefits of a diverse gut micrbiome

A

associated with a reduction of various HI issues, better absorption of nutrients and water, and reduced changes of major infections

30
Q

what is the general function of the endocrine system

A

regulate the activity of internal organs via the secretion of hormones from various glands

31
Q

how does the endocrine system regulate the activity of internal organs

A

development, growth, reproduction, response to environmental changes, and maintenance of homeostasis

32
Q

one stress response from a hormonal perspective

A

fight or flight response will be activated

33
Q

another stress response from a hormonal perspective

A

adrenaline will be released from your adrenal glands which can cause your heart and breathing rate to increase, liver releases glucose into bloodstream, or movement of blood towards large muscles and away from digestive system

34
Q

How do insulin and glucagon act to regulate blood sugar levels

A

when blood sugar gets too high, insulin and amylin release into bloodstream, then insulin targets muscles cells and instruct them to absorb glucose, overtime blood sugar and insulin levels will decrease, thus cause amylin to wear off and glucagon is release, causing cells to chop up stored sugars and release glucose into the bloodstream

35
Q

Negative feedback

A

there is some stimulus and your body is going to react in such a way to stop or reduce the severity of that stimulus

36
Q

positive feedback

A

there is some stimulus, and your body is going to react in such a way to continue that stimulus or increases the magnitude of it

37
Q

dendrites

A

finger-like projections that pick up signals from nearby neurons

38
Q

Soma (cell body)

A

processes the signals picked up by the dendrites and passes them along

39
Q

axon

A

main extension of the cell body, through which the electrical signal passes

40
Q

myelin sheath

A

fatty layer that surrounds most of axon and facilitates conduction

41
Q

Glial cells

A

produce myelin sheath, provides nutrients, and protects the neuron

42
Q

synapse

A

end of the neuron, where neurotransmitters are release

43
Q

How do synaptic transmission functions

A

neurotransmitters are released and bind to receptors on the opposite side of the synaptic cleft, which continues the electrical signal

44
Q

Central nervous system function

A

brain and spinal cord. Receives sensory information, process it, and coordinate activity throughout the rest of the body in response.

45
Q

peripheral nervous system function

A

links the CNS to the rest of the body. (to coordinate/facilitate actions)

46
Q

Somatic system

A

associated with voluntary actions

47
Q

autonomic system

A

associated with involuntary actions

48
Q

types of autonomic systems

A

sympathetic and parasympathetic

49
Q

sympathetic system

A

stress responses

50
Q

parasympathetic system

A

relaxation responses

51
Q

concept of a circadian rhythm

A

internal, physiological pattern that lasts approximately 24 hours dictated/influenced by wakefulness and sleep drive

52
Q

daytime light and sleep desire

A

during the day, when light enters our eyes, a signal is sent to the brain this inhibiting the production of sleep-inducing compounds (melatonin)

53
Q

night time light and sleep desire

A

the absence of light, a signal is sent to the brain, which stimulates the production of sleep-inducing compounds

54
Q

Behavioral/evolutionary theory benefit of sleep

A

sleep is a survival strategy

55
Q

memory theory benefit of sleep

A

sleep increases the brain’s activity to store and recall information

56
Q

energy conservation theory benefit of sleep

A

normal body activity takes a huge amount of energy to maintain, so sleep gives the body “a break” from metabolism

57
Q

brain cleans up theory benefit of sleep

A

during the day, our brain accumulates waste compounds (such as adenosine), sleep clears away that waste

Biology 1202 (2 decks)

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