Unit 4 Flashcards
main functions of blood
transport nutrients to tissues, carry immune cells and antibodies, regulate body temperature, maintain fluid balance, and forms clots which prevent excess bleeding.
Veins
blood vessels which move blood towards the heart (blood is unoxygenated)
arteries
blood vessels which move blood away from the heart (blood is oxygenated)
capillaries
very thin, very small vessels which facilitate the process of gas exchange between the blood and tissues
First part of how blood enters the heart
blood enters through the upper right chamber, pumped into the lower right chamber, and then pumped again out of the pulmonary artery towards the lungs, where it will pick up the oxygen and release carbon dioxide
second part of how blood enters the heart
oxygenated blood will then reenter the heart through the upper left chamber, pumped into the lower right chamber, and then out the aorta
structure of the lungs
two major lobes which are connected via the trachea, which branches off into separate bronchae, which then further branches off into smaller and smaller bronchioles.
What is on the tip of the lung branches
the alveoli (bunches of thin-walled cells) where gas exchange will occur
Connection between the circulatory and respiratory system
circulatory system transports blood which transport oxygen/carbon dioxide, and the respiratory system enables you to take in oxygen and exhale carbon dioxide
How does smoking cause emphysema
its caused by damage to the alveoli, which causes them to have less surface area for gas exchange
what effect does emphysema have on respiration
labored breathing (not taking in enough oxygen or releasing enough carbon dioxide)
how does smoking cause bronchitis
inflammation of the bronchioles
what effect does bronchitis have on respiration
not enough oxygen is getting to lungs and not enough carbon dioxide is being exhaled from the lungs
The effects of smoking in the circulator system
smoking increases the amount of plaque on the side of your blood vessels which causes inefficient blood movement so your heart has to pump harder and faster, and a risk of blockage, and increase blood pressure
one way smoking leads to cancer
tobacco contains a large quantity of carcinogens
another way smoking can lead to cancer
the compounds causes mutations in genes associated with prevent cancer so faster cell division, no checkpoints, and lack or repair
first major step of the digestive process
ingestion (eating food)
second major step of the digestive process
digestion (physical/chemical breakdown of food into simpler parts)
third major step of the digestive process
absoroption (obtaining nutrients from that food
final major step of the digestive process
excretion
mouth physical breakdown role in digestion
breakdown in food via chewing
mouth chemical breakdown role in digestion
breakdown via the secretion of enzymes (start to break down complex sugars)
stomach mechanical breakdown role in digestion
via peristalsis (involuntary muscle movement)
stomach chemical breakdown role in digestion
via secretion of pepsin as well as degradation of food by gastric juices
small intestine digestion role
chyme enters, at which point pancreas will release compounds to decrease the acidity of the chyme, and the gallbladder will release bile salts to allow for easier absorption of fats.
large intetines digestion role
water reabsorption, some nutrient absoprtion
How do the physical structure of the small intestines facilitates nutrients absorption
intestinal cells are lined with villi
villi
tiny ridges which increase surface area, which thus allows for more sites for nutrient absorption
benefits of a diverse gut micrbiome
associated with a reduction of various HI issues, better absorption of nutrients and water, and reduced changes of major infections
what is the general function of the endocrine system
regulate the activity of internal organs via the secretion of hormones from various glands
how does the endocrine system regulate the activity of internal organs
development, growth, reproduction, response to environmental changes, and maintenance of homeostasis
one stress response from a hormonal perspective
fight or flight response will be activated
another stress response from a hormonal perspective
adrenaline will be released from your adrenal glands which can cause your heart and breathing rate to increase, liver releases glucose into bloodstream, or movement of blood towards large muscles and away from digestive system
How do insulin and glucagon act to regulate blood sugar levels
when blood sugar gets too high, insulin and amylin release into bloodstream, then insulin targets muscles cells and instruct them to absorb glucose, overtime blood sugar and insulin levels will decrease, thus cause amylin to wear off and glucagon is release, causing cells to chop up stored sugars and release glucose into the bloodstream
Negative feedback
there is some stimulus and your body is going to react in such a way to stop or reduce the severity of that stimulus
positive feedback
there is some stimulus, and your body is going to react in such a way to continue that stimulus or increases the magnitude of it
dendrites
finger-like projections that pick up signals from nearby neurons
Soma (cell body)
processes the signals picked up by the dendrites and passes them along
axon
main extension of the cell body, through which the electrical signal passes
myelin sheath
fatty layer that surrounds most of axon and facilitates conduction
Glial cells
produce myelin sheath, provides nutrients, and protects the neuron
synapse
end of the neuron, where neurotransmitters are release
How do synaptic transmission functions
neurotransmitters are released and bind to receptors on the opposite side of the synaptic cleft, which continues the electrical signal
Central nervous system function
brain and spinal cord. Receives sensory information, process it, and coordinate activity throughout the rest of the body in response.
peripheral nervous system function
links the CNS to the rest of the body. (to coordinate/facilitate actions)
Somatic system
associated with voluntary actions
autonomic system
associated with involuntary actions
types of autonomic systems
sympathetic and parasympathetic
sympathetic system
stress responses
parasympathetic system
relaxation responses
concept of a circadian rhythm
internal, physiological pattern that lasts approximately 24 hours dictated/influenced by wakefulness and sleep drive
daytime light and sleep desire
during the day, when light enters our eyes, a signal is sent to the brain this inhibiting the production of sleep-inducing compounds (melatonin)
night time light and sleep desire
the absence of light, a signal is sent to the brain, which stimulates the production of sleep-inducing compounds
Behavioral/evolutionary theory benefit of sleep
sleep is a survival strategy
memory theory benefit of sleep
sleep increases the brain’s activity to store and recall information
energy conservation theory benefit of sleep
normal body activity takes a huge amount of energy to maintain, so sleep gives the body “a break” from metabolism
brain cleans up theory benefit of sleep
during the day, our brain accumulates waste compounds (such as adenosine), sleep clears away that waste
