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Biology 1202 > Unit 3 > Flashcards

Unit 3 Flashcards

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1
Q

Process of Coevolution

A

How the evolutions of one species impacts the evolutions of one another and vise versa (reciprocal evolution)

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2
Q

Concept of an evolutionary arms race

A

A series of adaptations and counter adaptations usually between predators and prey

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3
Q

What happens when an evolutionary arms race doesn’t concur

A

either the predator or the prey will go extinct

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4
Q

Mimicry

A

looking like something you’re not

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5
Q

How does Mimicry arise through coevolution

A

Some prey will look slightly like something else, it gains a fitness advantages, however, the predator gets good at locating this new form new mutations make individuals blend in better, etc.

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6
Q

Aposematic Coloration

A

Bright warning colors

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7
Q

Mullerian Mimicry

A

multiple toxic/dangerous organisms look similar to one another

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8
Q

Batesian mimicry

A

a benign organism looks like a dangerous/toxic one

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9
Q

Innate behaviors

A

genetically hardwired, do not require any sort of previous experience to do, little variation

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10
Q

Learned Behaviors

A

Are not genetically hardwired, they do require previous experience in order to do them, wide variety of variation

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11
Q

Innate Reflex examples

A

protection behaviors, bracing yourself when you fall

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12
Q

Innate Taxis examples

A

Directional movement as a result of exposure to a stimulus, sunflowers move towards sunlight

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13
Q

Innate Kinesis Behaviors

A

non-directional movement as a result of exposure to a stimulus, speed

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14
Q

Learned Habituation examples

A

getting used to a particular stimulus

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15
Q

Learned Imprinting example

A

learning certain behaviors at an early age when exposed to a particular stimulus, ducklings following mom

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16
Q

Learned Culture Example

A

based on the way you were raised and what you are used to, you will respond differently in certain situations

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17
Q

Contemporary vs. historical

A

at the time behavior is done, and over evolutionary time

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18
Q

Proximate vs. Ultimate

A

physical mechanism associated with a behavior
vs evolutionary reasons

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19
Q

Contemporary proximate

A

what mechanisms are necessary to conduct their behavior

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20
Q

Contemporary ultimate

A

what is the evolutionary advantage of doing this behavior

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21
Q

historical proximate

A

how did this trait/behavior develop over evolutionary time

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22
Q

historical ultimate

A

what is the phylogenetic history of this trait/behavior

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23
Q

What demographic factors influence population growth/decline

A

birth rate, death rate, immigration rate, emigration rate

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24
Q

Fecundity

A

fertility (how many offspring will an individual have)

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25
Q

Survivorship

A

how long do you live

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26
Q

Density independent growth and Exponential growth

A

(growth is not affected by how big the population is)

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27
Q

Density Dependent growth and Logistic growth

A

growth is affected by how many individuals are in the population

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28
Q

What variables influence logistic growth

A

What proportion of the carrying capacity is being occupied

29
Q

What variables influence exponential growth

A

growth rate

30
Q

Limiting factors to population growth

A

resources, predators, disease, waste

31
Q

Major two ways organisms can obtain energy

A

autotrophs and heterotrophs

32
Q

Autotrophs

A

proudcers

33
Q

heterotrophs

A

consumers

34
Q

primary producers

A

plants, algae (bottom of the food chain)

35
Q

primary consumers

A

herbivores

36
Q

secondary consumers

A

carnivores

37
Q

bottom-up trophic cascade

A

whatever happens to the species at the bottom of the food chain, is also going to happen to everything else above it in the food chain

38
Q

top-down trophic cascade

A

whatever happens to the species at the top of the food chain, is going to happen to everything else above it in the food chain

39
Q

Keystone species

A

an organism that plays a disproportionately large role in the community structure/make up relative to its abundance

40
Q

Major components of biogeochemical cycles

A

sources/sinks and fluxes

41
Q

Sources/sinks

A

where is a particular resource found in large quantities and these can be living or non-living

42
Q

Fluxes

A

processes by which a resource will be moved from one source to another

43
Q

Sources in water cycle

A

Ocean, atmosphere, soil, plants/animals

44
Q

Fluxes in water cycle

A

evaporation, precipitation, runoff, absorption

45
Q

Concept of nitrogen fixation

A

plants will absorb nitrogen from the atmosphere, send it down to the roots, where symbiotic bacteria take that nitrogen and convert into nitrogenous compounds

46
Q

Eutrophication

A

excess nitrogen/phosphorus enter the water supply and get into a lake which causes an algal bloom, algae dies, sinks to the bottom where it begins to decay. Decomposition uses all the oxygen in the water, leading to mass die offs.

47
Q

Bioaccumulation

A

the concentration of a particular pollutant builds up in an organism over time

48
Q

biomagnifcation

A

the concentration of pollutant increases dramatically as you go up the food chain

49
Q

abiotic variables that contribute to the formation of biomes

A

average annual precipitation and average annual temperature

50
Q

Net Primary Production

A

The quantity of plan biomass in an area

51
Q

How is NPP related to abiotic factors and biomes

A

Affected primarily by average annual precipitation and average annual temperate and amount of npp defines what biome you’re in

52
Q

What ways are terrestrial and aquatic biomes are being impacted by humans

A

deforestation, pollution, invasive species

53
Q

Zone of tolerance

A

what sets of conditions can a species tolerate or survive in

54
Q

ecological filtering

A

what influences whether a species can live in a certain area

55
Q

Disperal filter

A

can the organism even get to that area

56
Q

abiotic filter

A

are the environmental conditions appropriate for that species/organism (zone of tolerance)

57
Q

species interactions

A

will the organism be outcompeted or eaten in that area?

58
Q

Greenhouse effect

A

the atmosphere traps solar radiation on the surface of the earth. The more greenhouse gases in the atmosphere, the more heat is trapped.

59
Q

How does the greenhouse effect relate to carbon dioxide

A

Carbon Dioxide is one the the greenhouse gases that gets in the atmosphere and traps the heat.

60
Q

Difference between global warming and climate change

A

global warming is looking at rising temperatures across the world and climate change looks at everything else that arises as a result of those rising temperatures

61
Q

Expected consequences of continued warming

A

more severe weather, more severe droughts, rising sea levels, mass extinction, ocean acidification, climate refugees, and loss of resources

62
Q

the importance of maintaining biodiversity

A

supporting services, regulation services, provisioning services, and cultural services

63
Q

Supporting services

A

pollution, nutrient cycling, pest control, primary production

64
Q

regulation services

A

preventing soil erosion, water purification, production of oxygen and removal or carbon dioxide, and decomposition

65
Q

Provisioning services

A

providing fuel, food, medicines, water

66
Q

cultural services

A

recreation, tourism

67
Q

Resistance

A

extent to which an environment remains unchanged due to a disturbance

68
Q

Resilience

A

extent to which an environment recovers after a disturbance (how quickly does it recover)

69
Q

Possible strategies for the conservation of a threatened species

A

Educational services, “off-site” conservation and reintroduction, genetic restoration, wildlife corridors, seed banks, designated protected wildlife areas

Biology 1202 (2 decks)

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