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Drugs & Behavior > Unit 4 > Flashcards

Unit 4 Flashcards

1
Q

What is the difference between Operant Conditioning and Pavlovian Conditioning?

A

OP: voluntary action, reward/punishment control Bx
PC: involuntary action, become learned reflexes

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2
Q

what is motivation?

A

the will to expend energy to achieve a goal

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3
Q

what are four things that motivate behavior?

A

-physiological responses
-emotional responses
-cognitive response
-involuntary responses (innate and learned)

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4
Q

what are two types of reflexive behavior, and what are two types of learned behavior?

A

reflexive: unconditional stimulus & response
learned: conditional stimulus & respone

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5
Q

why is US important?

A

biologically important due to survival value

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6
Q

what is the UR?

A

the automatic reflexive response to the US

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7
Q

what is the CS?

A

initially neutral but becomes a cue to the response

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8
Q

what is the CR?

A

learned response to the CS

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9
Q

what is the common process of Pavlovian Conditioning?

A

CS-US -> UR
–overtime–
CS only -> CR

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10
Q

what are conditioned emotional responses? (CERs)

A

learned response to a neutral stimulus presented just prior to a negative stimulus (electric shock)
-emotional component to URs
-CUES!
-motivates behavior (reinforcement)

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11
Q

what type of behavior occurs when CERs are present?

A

appetitive
-satisfying

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12
Q

what type of behavior occurs when CERs are absent?

A

aversive
-undesirable for survival, avoidance, fear

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13
Q

what is the US for drugs?

A

the drug interaction with nervous system (binding at receptors, inhibiting hormones)

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14
Q

what is the UR for drugs?

A

the drug effect (euphoria, drowsiness)

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15
Q

what is the CS for drugs?

A

cues for administration (bong, people, location)

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16
Q

what is the CR for drugs?

A

homogeneous / heterogenous response
-either the same as UR or different

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17
Q

what does naloxone do to withdrawal?

A

suppress the effects of opioids
-rapidly reverse opioid overdose
-opioid antagonist

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18
Q

pavlovian conditioning and naloxone

A

CS (cue (syringe)) - US (naloxone) -> UR (withdrawal)

CS (syringe) -> CR (withdrawal)

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19
Q

what is acquisition?

A

CS-US
-gradually strengthens CR (response to drug)
-relatively permanent

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20
Q

what is extinction?

A

CS - no US
-gradually weakens CR (drug response)
-cues no longer predict drug

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21
Q

what is spontaneous recovery?

A

reemergence of the extinguished response after a long period of time

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22
Q

what are three things that happens during spontaneous recovery?

A

disinhibition
renewal effect
reacquisition

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23
Q

what is disinhibition?

A

the CS (cue) is in a new context
-lack of restraint and wanting immediate gratitfication

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24
Q

what is renewal effect?

A

extinction in a different context than acquisition
-when returning to same context as acquisition it causes a relapse

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25
Q

what is reacquisition?

A

CR re-established in few trials back to same strength
-it takes fewer tries of the drug, to bring the tolerance back to where it was

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26
Q

what is a homogeneous response? (in relation to the CR)

A

the CR is the same as the UR (dog salvation)

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27
Q

what is a heterogeneous response? ( in relation to the CR)

A

the CR is different then the UR
-EX: Peppermint odor (CS) - Insulin (US) -> hypoglycemia (UR)
Peppermint odor alone (CS) -> hyperglycemia (CR)

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28
Q

what is associative drug tolerance?

A

an association between predrug cues and the systemic effect of the drug that leads to tolerance
-basically pavlovian conditioning leads to tolerance
-Shepard Siegal (1975)
-due to conditioned compensatory responses (CCR)

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29
Q

what are conditioned compensatory responses?

A

automatic learned response, even without the US present
-creates the opponent process theory

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30
Q

what is the opponent process theory in general (not relating to conditioning)?

A

two opposite processes working together

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31
Q

what is the physiological disturbance of the opponent process theory in general (not relating to conditioning)?

A

“A” process
-initial change away from baseline

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32
Q

what is the compensatory response of the opponent process theory in general (not relating to conditioning)?

A

“B” process
-trying to bring it back to baseline
-it can decrease below baseline in order to stabilize it
-unconditioned

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33
Q

how is the opponent process theory related to conditioning?

A

CS: environmental cues (injection, sound, location)
US: drug interacting with receptors
UR: “A process (drug effect, disturbance)
CCR: “B” process (withdrawal symptoms, becomes conditions and starts earlier & stronger overtime)

HETEROGENEOUS

CS (cue) - US (drug action) -> UR (A process)
————overtime with associative tolerance, the B process dominates the A process————-
CS (cue) -> CCR only (B process)

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34
Q

explain the rats with morphine experiment that lead to the mice “overdosing”

A

-rats were placed into a white box and given the drug until tolerance, then increased the dose (this decreases respiration)
-when placing the mice in a black box and gave the same dose, they died (B process increased respiration)

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35
Q

why did the mice die in the ‘overdosing’ experiment

A

-the CS was changed which didn’t create the same CR (“B” process)
-this lead to an overpower of the “A” process with nothing to balance it out -> DEATH

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36
Q

what is external inhibition?

A

disruption of associative tolerance
-no CCR
-EX: Opiate addict
Context: early morning in bathroom
Mom knocks on door -> O.D.
CS (bathroom cues) + extraneous stimulus (knocking on the door) -> no CR (craving)

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37
Q

what is conditioned place preference? (CPP)

A

the environmental cues associated with drug effects

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38
Q

what three things lead to a homogeneous CR?

A

placebo effect
sensitization
drug paraphamalia

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39
Q

what three things lead to a heterogeneous CR?

A

associative tolerance
opioid overdose
drug withdrawal

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40
Q

what is operant conditioning?

A

acquisition and maintenance of Bx’s through consequences and reward

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41
Q

what are the voluntary/compulsive bx of operant conditioning?

A

Antecedents (A): cues
Behavior (B): response
Consequences (C): outcome (deemed biologically important)

42
Q

what is the official terminology of the voluntary/compulsive bx for operant conditioning?

A

S^D = A
R = B
S^R = C (reinforcer or punisher)

S^D - R -> S^R

43
Q

what is reinforcement?

A

makes bx more likely
-contingency: b/w response and outcome (bx adds or subtracts something)
-two types: positive and negative

44
Q

what is positive reinforcement?

A

adding a good stimulus

45
Q

what is negative reinforcement?

A

takes away or prevents a bad stimulus

46
Q

what is punishment?

A

makes behavior less likely
-two types: positive and negative

47
Q

what is positive punishment?

A

adding a bad stimulus

48
Q

what is negative punishment?

A

taking away a good stimulus

49
Q

what are primary reinforcers?

A

unlearned natural responses based on what is biologically important
-appetitive (food, water) and aversive (pain, illness) responses

50
Q

what are secondary reinforcers?

A

learned responses from pavlovian conditioning (cues)
-money, praise, drug paraphernalia

51
Q

what is similar between operant conditioning and pavlovian conditioning?

A

acquisition, extinction, and spontaneous recovery (disinhibition, renewal effect, reacquisition)

52
Q

which one (operant or pavlovian conditioning) creates a faster and stronger learning effect?

A

operant conditioning
-increase the magnitude of reinforcement

53
Q

what are aversive aftereffects?

A

the effects that occur after the drug leaves the system
-hangover

54
Q

explain alcohol and its positive & negative reinforcers, and its aversive aftereffects?

A

positive reinforcement: pleasant feeling
negative reinforcement: reduce stress, reduce withdrawal
aversive aftereffects: hangover

55
Q

why do people drink if they keep getting a hangover (punishment)?

A

it is a delayed response
-creates less effective learning
-if it was an immediate punishment, people wouldn’t drink

56
Q

how are drug addicts perceived?

A

weak, poor, minority
-INACCURATE (heroin vs runners high activate same receptors)

57
Q

what is the difference between abuse and addiction?

A

abuse: no dependency, use beyond social norms
addiction: dependency, compulsive self-administration

58
Q

what is the definition of addiction according to the DSM-5? (the distinct qualification to be labeled addicted)

A

its called substance-related and addictive disorders
-maladaptive use is greater than 1 year
-must be harm/impairment
-follows the specific diagnosis and criteria for each substance

59
Q

what are the four symptoms of addiction?

A

-impaired control (compulsive)
-social impairment (hurting relationships)
-risky use (drunk driving)
-pharmacological dependence (tolerance, withdrawal)

60
Q

what is classified as behavioral addiction according to the DSM-5?

A

gambling

61
Q

what is the difference between dependence and addiction?

A

dependency: passive administration and no compulsive bx, used therapeutically
addiction: compulsive administration and bx (behavior)

62
Q

what is another term that can be used instead of withdrawal?

A

abstinence syndrome

63
Q

what are physiological effects of morphine addiction?

A

works at opioid receptors, decreases NT

64
Q

what are physiological effects of cocaine addiction?

A

increases dopamine in nucleus accumbens, blocks DA reuptake

65
Q

what are psychological effects of morphine?

A

-initially euphoria and positive reinforcement
-overtime becomes and escape to withdrawal and and negative reinforcement

66
Q

what are psychological effects of cocaine?

A

euphoria and positive reinforcement

67
Q

what three components are apart of reward? (positive reinforcement)

A

emotion/affect (pleasure)
motivation (wanting to engage in bx due to incentives)
learning/cognition (expectation of outcome)

all equally independent of each other

68
Q

what is the incentive sensitization theory?

A

the increase of salience (importance) of drug to the body due to both positive and negative reinforcement
-emotional cues with drug cues (fav. bong)
-liking vs wanting

69
Q

what is the difference between liking and wanting?

A

liking: emotional tie to the euphoria/high you get, achieve tolerance or no change

wanting: incentive and motivation to do drugs, leads to sensitization, increases effect overtime, continues to use regardless if it leads to pleasure, leads to addiction

70
Q

what is craving?

A

WANT (not a like)
-due to motivation to experience euphoria and avoid withdrawal
-becomes a conditioned response and gets stronger with more use
-motivates drug-taking b/x that maintains addiction
-becomes involuntary

71
Q

what are koob’s addiction cycle stages?

A

binge/intoxication
withdrawal/negative affect
preoccupation/anticipation

72
Q

what occurs during the binge/intoxication stage?

A

-making associations and reinforcers that will increase bx
-positive reinforcement

73
Q

what occurs during the withdrawal/negative affect stage?

A

-change in NS that leads to tolerance and withdrawal if you were to stop
-negative reinforcement

74
Q

what occurs during the preoccupation/anticipation stage?

A

-a stage of abstinence but still having cue-induced cravings
-serves as a motivator to relapse
-stress can induce this

75
Q

what are the three types of risks associated with addiction? (dependence liability)

A

learning
individual
environmental

76
Q

what are learning risks?

A

-reinforcement (positive and negative)
-aversive aftereffects
-pavlovian and operant conditioning
-delay of reinforcement

77
Q

what are individual risks?

A

-motivation (mood modification such as depressed or stressed)
-genetics (predisposition to become addicted)

78
Q

what are environmental risks?

A

-availability of drug
-ease of administration (needles, tablet)
-cost (financial, legal, physical)
-acceptability by family, peers, society

79
Q

which two drugs have the highest addiction risk?

A

alcohol and nicotine

80
Q

who discovered the reward system?

A

Olds and Milner
-used electrical stimulation of the brain as positive reinforcement

81
Q

what is the mesolimbic pathway?

A

Vental Tegmental Area (VTA) -> Medial Forebrain Bundle (MFB) -> Nucleus Accumben (NAcc)

82
Q

what do dopamine (DA) agonists do?

A

-produce euphoria
-acts as a positive reinforcers to increase the Bx

83
Q

what do DA antagonists do?

A

-blocks DA activity which stops the Bx by blocking the positive reinforcement
-also blocks responding for food

84
Q

how do DA and heroin interact?

A

Heroin binds at opioid receptors in the VTA that releases DA in the NAcc
-makes it very easy to become addicted by increasing DA -> euphoria!

85
Q

what does the NAcc do?

A

pleasure center of the brain that releases DA
-mediates reward
-site of action for positive reinforcement

86
Q

what mechanisms are involved in positive reinforcement (reward)? (stage, Bx, liking or wanting)

A

-binge/intoxication stage
-seeking euphoria
-liking/wanting

87
Q

what mechanisms are involved in negative reinforcement? (stage, Bx, liking or wanting)

A

-withdrawal/negative affect stage
-escape and avoid withdrawal
-wanting

88
Q

what mechanisms are involved in drug craving? (stage, what its triggered by)

A

-preoccupation/anticipation stage
-triggered by association cues

89
Q

what is the reward circuits?

A

-mesolimbic/mesocortical DA pathways
-VTA projecting to the NAcc, amygdala, prefrontal cortex, and the caudate putamen (striatum)

90
Q

what is the anti-reward circuit?

A

-extended amygdala
-signal goes between central nucleus of the amygdala, shell of the NAcc, and the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis

91
Q

where is DA in the reward circuits when psychostimulants are present?

A

NAcc

92
Q

where is DA in the reward circuits when opioids are present?

A

VTA, NAcc, and amygdala

93
Q

where is DA in the reward circuits when alcohol is present?

A

NAcc and VTA opioid neurons

94
Q

where is DA in the reward circuits when nicotine & THC are present?

A

VTA, NAcc, and amygdala

95
Q

what two drugs is DA being used as positive reinforcement not essential for?

A

alcohol and heroin

96
Q

what do endogenous opioids and cannbinoids do to the DA-independent reward system?

A

-block DA
-DA antagonist

97
Q

what are the two classes of negative reinforcement? what do they do?

A

escape: bx terminates bad state
avoidance: bx prevents bad state

98
Q

which system (reward or anti-reward) produces withdrawal effects?

A

anti-reward system

99
Q

how does the anti-reward system produce withdrawal effects?

A

activates NE, corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF), and dynorphin in the extended amygdala
-shifts the effects from being positive reinforcement to negative reinforcement

100
Q

what happens at Koob’s within system of neuroadaptation?

A

-binge/intoxication stage: increase of DA in the NAcc
-withdrawal/negative affect stage
*increase of cAMP & CREB activity
*decrease of D2-R and DA activity in the VTA

101
Q

what happens at Koob’s between system of neuroadaptation?

A

continuation of the withdrawal/negative affect stage:
*increase dynorphin (decreases DA) in NAcc
*decreases SA & withdrawal in the NAcc
*increases NE, CRF in extended amygdala
*increases anxiety & withdrawal in the extended amygdala

-preoccupation/ anticipation stage

Drugs & Behavior (5 decks)

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