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Drugs & Behavior > Exam 1 > Flashcards

Exam 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Pharmacology

A

-study of drug
-the actions and effects on living organisms

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2
Q

Psychopharmacology

A

specific class of drugs that effects thinking, mood, and behavior

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3
Q

Neuroharmacology

A

specific class of drugs that effect neurons and NS

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4
Q

Neuropsychopharmacology

A

how drugs interact with neurons and their effect with thinking, mood, and behavior

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5
Q

how to study neuropsychopharmacology

A

-study effects of the drug on the NS
-use drugs as a tool to study functions of the NS (EX: dopamine and reward system with cocaine)

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6
Q

drugs are ___ and have ___ effects

A

variable, multiple

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7
Q

what does pharmacological mean?

A

how drugs effect behavior when introduced to the NS

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8
Q

what does neurophysiological mean?

A

whats happening at synapse and activity of neurons

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9
Q

what does psychological mean?

A

the effects of conditioning
-EX: addiction

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10
Q

what are psychoactive drugs?

A

biologically active substance that chemically alters cell structure or function of neurons which in turn, effects mood, thinking, and behavior
-alters transmission b/w neurons
-excite or inhibit normal function

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11
Q

what is behavior?

A

any activity/change that can objectively measured

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12
Q

the pyramid of behavior? (big -> small)

A

groups if individuals
individual
system
organ
tissue
cell
molecules
ion

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13
Q

what type of cells regulate behavior?

A

specialized cells

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14
Q

what are the three specialized cells?

A

sensory, neural, effector

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15
Q

what do sensory cells do?

A

transduce environmental signal into biochemical signal

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16
Q

what do neural cells do?

A

-info processing
-transmit, integrate, store

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17
Q

what does transmit mean?

A

moving info from one place to another

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18
Q

what does integrate mean?

A

receiving many signals to produce one signal

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19
Q

what do neurons regulate?

A

behavior and homeostasis

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20
Q

route of the signal

A

sensory cell -> sensory neuron -> interneuron -> motor neuron -> effector

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21
Q

what is an effector?

A

contain sensory cells that excite or inhibit the motor neuron
-need to be in optimal range (no extremes)

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22
Q

what is drug action?

A

the way the drug interacts with cells and neurons
-open/close channels
-activate enzymes

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23
Q

what are drug effects and what are the different types of effects?

A

the result of drug action
-specific
-nonspecific
-therapeutic
-side

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24
Q

what produces specific drug effects?

A

drug-receptor interactions

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25
Q

what produces non-specific drug effects?

A

environment (weather, diet)

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26
Q

what is the difference between therapeutic and side effects?

A

therapeutic: desired effect
side: undesired effects

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27
Q

what are the four different ways to name a drug?

A

-chemical
-generic
-trade
-street (sland)

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28
Q

what is the chemical name of a drug?

A

describes molecular structure
-IUPAC ID

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29
Q

what is the generic name of a drug?

A

official name
-no paten on drug

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30
Q

what is the trade name of a drug?

A

brand name
-paten
-proprietary name

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31
Q

are the generic and trade name capitalized?

A

generic name: NO
trade name: YES

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32
Q

what is the street name of a drug?

A

rapidly changes with generations

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33
Q

what is the chemical, generic, trade, and street name of amphetamine?

A

chem: dl-2-amino-1phenylpropane
gen: dl-amphetamine
trade: Benzedrine
street: speed, bennies, whites

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34
Q

what is the chemical, generic, trade, and street name of valium?

A

chem: 7-chloro-1-methyl-5-phenyl-3H-1,4-benzodiazepin-2[1H[-one
gen: diazepam
trade: Valium
street: tranks, downer, blues, yellows

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35
Q

what is the chemical, generic, trade, and street name of Lunesta (sleep aid)?

A

chem: very very long
gen: eszopiclone
trade: Lunesta
street: zombie pills

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36
Q

how are drugs classified?

A

depending on goals

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37
Q

what are the 5 classifications of drugs?

A

-CNS stimulants
-CNS depressants
-Analgesics
-Hallucinogens
-Psychotherapeutics

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38
Q

what are examples of CNS stimulants?

A

cocaine, ampthetamine, caffeine

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39
Q

what are examples of CNS depressants?

A

barbiturates, alcohol

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40
Q

what are analegesics and some examples of them?

A

-they make you sleepy
-morphine, codeine, heroin

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41
Q

what are hallucinogens and some examples of them?

A

-they distort perception and mood
-LSD, mescaline, psilocybin

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42
Q

what are pyschotherapeutics and some examples of them?

A

-they help regulate mood (depression and anxiety)
-Prozac, Thorazine

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43
Q

what are the three types of drug equivalences?

A

-chemical equivalence
-biological equivalence
-clinical equivalence

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44
Q

what is chemical equivalence?

A

-same chemical compound
-same drug effects
-effects same systems
-different drug name

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45
Q

what is biological equivalence?

A

-different chemical compound
-same or similar drug effects
-effects same systems

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46
Q

what is biological equivalence?

A

-different chemical compound
-same or similar drug effects
-effects same systems

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47
Q

what is clinical equivalence?

A

-different chemical compound
-same drug effect
-effects different systems

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48
Q

what is the Controlled Substance Act (1970)?

A

created 5 schedules categorized by abuse potential (not addiction) and medicinal value

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49
Q

what is schedule 1?

A

-high abuse
-no medicinal value
-not prescribed and tightly regulated

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50
Q

what is schedule 2?

A

-high abuse
-accepted medicinal value
-can prescribe, but no refills

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51
Q

what is schedule 3?

A

-moderate abuse potential
-accepted medicinal value
-5 refills over 6 months

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52
Q

what is schedule 4?

A

-low abuse potential
-5 refills over 6 months

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53
Q

what is schedule 4?

A

-low abuse potential
-accepted medicinal value
-5 refills over 6 months

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54
Q

what is schedule 5?

A

-lowest abuse potential
-accepted medicinal value
-5 refills over 6 months

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55
Q

what is the controlled substance analogue enforcement act? (1986)

A

tweeking an illegal drug is restricted
-bath salts, synthetic pot

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56
Q

why is alcohol hard to classifiy?

A

effects depend on dose

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57
Q

what happens with a low dose of alcohol?

A

behavioral excitement

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58
Q

what happens with a high dose of alcohol?

A

behavioral inhibition

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59
Q

what schedule is ADHD and what drug is used to treat it?

A

-treat with Ritalin (methylphenidate) which is a stimulant
-schedule 2

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60
Q

drugs affect __(all / some)__ cells

A

all!!!!!

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61
Q

how were drugs initially discovered most of the time?

A

by luck or by accident

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62
Q

what was chlorpromazine initially used for and what is it used for now?

A

initially: sedative for surgery
now: treats schizophrenia

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63
Q

what was lithium initially used for and what is it used for now?

A

initially: psychological conditioning
now: treats mania & bipolar

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64
Q

what is an example of how plant extract is used for drugs?

A

poppy plant was used as morphine

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65
Q

what are me too drugs and designer drugs?

A

when chemists alter the structure of a popular patented drug by making small adjustment to sell for their own profit

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66
Q

how long does it take for a drug to get approved?

A

10 years

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67
Q

how much money does it take to develop a drug?

A

$2.8B

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68
Q

how long does a patent last and does the patent start before or after approval?

A

20 years
-starts before it is approved

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69
Q

what act set stringent regulations on drugs?

A

Food, Drugs, and Cosmetics Act

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70
Q

what is a patent?

A

absolute property rights
-defined by chemical name

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71
Q

what are some considerations to take in before making a drug?

A

-medical need
-commercial potential
-if it is easy to mass produce

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72
Q

what are Orphan Drugs?

A

drugs that affect less than 200,000 people
-rare diseases

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73
Q

what was the act and incentive for orphan drugs to be produced?

A

Orphan Drugs Act
-added 7 years of paten after FDA approval
-encourages production of drugs for rare diseases

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74
Q

what was the percentage increase of Epi-Pen by Mylan and the years of the increase?

A

increased 450% from 2009-2014

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75
Q

how much more was the drug by Epi-pen in those years?

A

$124 to now $609

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76
Q

what was the CEO salary increase for Epi-pen and who is the CEO?

A

CEO: Heather Bresch
$2.5M -> $18M

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77
Q

what was the percentage increase of Daraprim (AIDs treatment) and the years of the increase?

A

increased by 5000% from 2010-2015

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78
Q

how much more was the drug in those years for Daraprim?

A

$1 to now $750

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79
Q

who is the CEO who made Daraprim?

A

Martin Shkreli

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80
Q

why did the prices of the drugs increase by so much?

A

research and development prices weren’t increasing
-more money in the CEO’s pocket

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81
Q

what does the new law to combat price gauging for drugs do?

A

allows Medicare to negotiate prices

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82
Q

how long does animal testing take?

A

5 years

83
Q

why do they do animal testing?

A

looking at…
-toxicity
-carcinogenicity (cancer risk)
-teratogenicity (malformation of embryo)

84
Q

what does pharmacological testing do?

A

observes behavior on a single trait

85
Q

what happens after animal testing?

A

human clinical trials after FDA approval

86
Q

how long does the first phase of a human clinical trial take?

A

1.5 years

87
Q

what size group does the first phase of a human clinical trial test?

A

small group of 20-100 HEALTHY people

88
Q

what is the first phase of a human clinical trial looking at?

A

how the drugs affects the human body
-safety and dosage

89
Q

what percentage of drugs pass the first phase of a human clinical trial?

A

70%

90
Q

how long does the second phase of a human clinical trial take?

A

2 years

91
Q

what size group does the second phase of a human clinical trial test?

A

test medium size group of 100-1,000 people of DIAGNOSED patients

92
Q

what is the second phase of a human clinical trial looking at?

A

the efficacy and side effects

93
Q

what percentage of drugs pass the second phase of a human clinical trial?

A

33%

94
Q

what size group does the third phase of a human clinical trial test?

A

large group of 1,000-3,000 DIAGNOSED patients

95
Q

what is the third phase of a human clinical trial looking at?

A

appropriate dosage and adverse rxns

96
Q

what percentage of drugs pass the third phase of a human clinical trial?

A

25-30%

97
Q

what does the fourth phase of human clinical trials test and what is the group size?

A

safety of drug post-marketing
-occurs AFTER FDA approves the drug
-real world setting
-ongoing and never stops

98
Q

what is pharmacokinetics?

A

what body does to the drug
-administration, absorption, distribution, and fate

99
Q

what is pharmacodynamics?

A

what the drug does to the body
-drug interaction with target tissues

100
Q

what do drugs absorb into?

A

the circulatory system

101
Q

how do drugs absorb into the circulatory system?

A

-systematic administration (blood)
-crosses through membranes

102
Q

what are the two types of administration routes?

A

enteral (thru GI tract)
parenteral (all other routes)

103
Q

what is the most common route of administration?

A

oral (enteral)

104
Q

oral (enteral) route

A

-per Os (PO)
-absorbs across GI membrane

105
Q

what are the negatives of oral (enteral)?

A

-highly variable depending on previous meal
-first pass metabolism (can reduce effect)
-must have cooperation of patient
-can recall (throw up)

106
Q

oral (parenteral) types

A

sublingual (under tongue)
transbuccal (chewing tobacco)

107
Q

oral (parenteral) sublingual

A

absorb through mucous and salivary glands
-nitroglycerin, buprenophine

108
Q

oral (parenteral) transbuccal

A

absorb through mouth lining

109
Q

IV Injection

A

-directly into bloodstream
-rapid onset
-high peak
-short duration

110
Q

IM Injection

A

-takes 10-30 min
-dissolved in aqueous and oil substances
-location is important

111
Q

IM Injection dissolved in an aqueous solution

A

high peak
short duration

112
Q

IM Injection dissolved in an oil solution

A

short peak
long duration

113
Q

IM injection in deltoid

A

rapid distribution

114
Q

IM injection in glute

A

slow distribution due to further away location to main vessels
-used for lg. volumes

115
Q

SC Injection

A

-under skin
-insulin
-slow onset
-low peak
-long duration

116
Q

negatives of SC injection

A

variable
limited volume
skin irritations

117
Q

IP injection

A

-peritoneal cavity of abdomen
-similar to IM kinetics wise
-high peak
-short duration
-can deliver large amounts
-used in animal research

118
Q

injection in CSF around spinal cord

A

epidural
intrathecal

119
Q

epidural

A

injection outside dura mater

120
Q

intrathecal

A

injection inside subarachnoid space

121
Q

intracerebroventricular

A

injection in CSF

122
Q

intracranial

A

injection into brain

123
Q

what is curare drug an example of and what does it show?

A

injection into brain
-peripheral -> paralysis
-central -> convulsions
-shows that different areas have drastically different effects

124
Q

inhalation

A

-gases, vapor, smoking, aerosols, huffing
-enter through capillaries in lungs
-large surface area
-rapid onset
-high peak
-short effects

125
Q

does inhalation or IV injection have a more rapid onset?

A

IV injection

126
Q

does IM injection or PO have a more rapid onset?

A

IM injection

127
Q

Intranasal

A

-particles of drug snorted through nose
-absorption through mucous
-single membrane
-bypasses BBB and goes through CSF
-no 1st pass metabolism
-rapid onset (15-30 min)
-similar to IM and IP

128
Q

does intranasal or inhalation have a more rapid onset?

A

Inhalation

129
Q

Infusion Pump

A

-insulin
-patient-controlled analgesia

130
Q

Pellets

A

-release drug overtime
-Nexplanon

131
Q

Topical

A

-absorbed through skin/mucous
-transdermal patches
-suppositories

132
Q

Transdermal Patches

A

-topical
-slow continuous release

133
Q

Suppositories

A

-topical
-rectal or vaginal
-poor and unpredictable absorption

134
Q

Ultra-Sound Mediated

A

-low and intense frequency
-increase size of skin pores
-insulin

135
Q

Iontophoresis

A

-weak electrical current
-pushes/pulls molecules across skin

136
Q

what factors help determine choice of drug route?

A

-patient characteristics
-concentration in blood
-amount delivered
-rapidity of onset
-duration and magnitude of effects

137
Q

what does a rapid onset mean kinetics wise?

A

high magnitude, short duration

138
Q

what does slow onset mean kinetics wise?

A

low magnitude, long duration

139
Q

when is absorption complete?

A

when conc. at target site = conc. at administration site

140
Q

what types of membranes controls absorption?

A

cell membranes, capillary walls, BBB, placental barrier

141
Q

what other factors can control administration rate?

A

-route
-bioavailability
-individual differences
-solubility

142
Q

lipid bilayer

A

-barrier
-semipermeable

143
Q

fluid mosaic model

A

-phospholipids
-proteins

144
Q

phospholipid bilayer

A

-phosphate heads = hydrophilic
-lipid tails = hydrophobic

145
Q

passive diffusion

A

-non-gated
-intercellular spaces
-lipid soluble molecules (nonpolar)
-no energy

146
Q

facilitated diffusion

A

-gated channel
-no energy

147
Q

active transport

A

-energy
-metabolic pumps
-polar

148
Q

what do capillaries do and what are they?

A

exchange materials b/w blood and cells
-one cell thick
-typically leaky
-contain pores (non-gated)

149
Q

what are capillaries composed of?

A

intercellular cleft
fenestra
pinocytosis

150
Q

what is the BBB?

A

-barrier b/w blood and brain
-contain capillaries and astrocytes
-selectively permeable (nonpolar)
-water soluble (polar)
-maintains stable CNS environment
-keeps CNS chemicals in

151
Q

what is different about the capillaries in the BBB?

A

-less leaky
-no intercellular cleft or fenestra
-water-soluble molecules (polar) can’t pass through

152
Q

when is the BBB fully developed?

A

at 2 years old

153
Q

what weakens the BBB?

A

trauma
infection
age

154
Q

the BBB __(is/is not)__ continuous

A

is not

155
Q

what areas in the BBB interact with blood?

A

area postrema (brainstem)
median eminence (hypothalamus)

156
Q

what is special about the area postrema?

A

contains a chemical trigger zone
-safety mechanism
-keeps a stable amount of blood

157
Q

what type of neurons monitor the blood in the CTZ of area postreme?

A

dopaminergic neurons

158
Q

what does the median eminence do?

A

release neurohormones into the blood

159
Q

what does the placental membrane do?

A

exchange nutrients and wastes with mom
-less selective than BBB

160
Q

what can cause danger to the placental membrane?

A

due to underdeveloped BBB in a fetus
-high risk of toxicity
-lack enzymes for metabolism
-teratogens

161
Q

what are teratogens?

A

chemicals that can cause birth defects
-alc, nic, coke
-can lead to low O2 levels (hypoxia)

162
Q

what is solubility?

A

the ability to dissolve in a medium

163
Q

lipid soluble

A

easily crosses membrane
non-polar

164
Q

water soluble

A

won’t cross membrane
polar

165
Q

what does ionization do to solubility?

A

decreases lipid solubility
-dependent on pH of fluid and pKa of drug

166
Q

ion trapping

A

-increases ionization
-traps drug in a compartment
-slows onset
-decreases peak
-prolongs effects

167
Q

what is maintained when the drug gets redistributed after being ‘trapped’?

A

ratio is maintained

168
Q

what type of molecule is best at absorption?

A

-small
-lipid soluble
-low ion trapping
-pKa matches fluid pH

169
Q

what is depot binding?

A

similar to ion trapping except NO ionization
-drug disperses in 1-2min
-drug isn’t metabolized

170
Q

how does depot binding work?

A

-silent receptors
-nonselective binding

171
Q

negatives of depot binding

A

-decreases bioavailability
-slows onset
-lower magnitude
-longer effects

172
Q

what are silent receptors?

A

holds drug but produces no effect

173
Q

what is nonselective binding?

A

prevents drug from reaching target
-competition for sites
-drug interaction increases bioavailability
-occurs when bound to organs, muscles, fat, and plasma proteins (albumin)

174
Q

when does redistribution occur?

A

when the drug is released from depot binding, protein binding, and ion trapping
-ratio is maintained
-slow and prolonged drug effects

175
Q

what is drug clearance?

A

eliminating drug from system through the liver
-immediate and long term

176
Q

what three things are involved in drug clearance?

A

-biotransformation by changing structure of drug
-elimination by kidneys through urine
-when it falls less than effective dose

177
Q

what is half life?

A

measure of how long a drug stays in your system
-two types (1st order, 0 order)

178
Q

what is 1st order half life?

A

-majority
-constant FRACTION eliminated
-small % of clearance sites occupied

179
Q

what is 0 order half life?

A

-constant AMOUNT eliminated regardless of concentration
-all clearance sites occupied
-EX: alcohol (1/2 oz eliminated / hour regardless how much initially was drank)

180
Q

what is plasma half life?

A

the time it takes for blood levels to drop by half
-distribution and elimination half life

181
Q

what is the half life of dexedrine and cocaine?

A

dexedrine: 10 hrs
cocaine: 1 hr

182
Q

what happens if you wait too long b/w doses?

A

can’t feel it, decrease in concentration

183
Q

what happens if you don’t wait long enough b/w doses?

A

increase of toxic effects

184
Q

how many administrations are needed for plasma half life?

A

5

185
Q

what is biotransformation?

A

-metabolism by enzymes
-inactive or active
-initially in the liver
-elimination as unchanged or a metabolite
-two phases (1 & 2)

186
Q

what is a metabolite?

A

drug is altered

187
Q

phase 1 of biotransformation

A

non-synthetic modification
-reduction rxn (hydrolysis, pick up e-)
-oxidation rxn (lose e-, most common)

188
Q

phase 2 of biotransformation

A

synthetic modification
-something is added on
-inactive metabolites
-conjugation (enzyme action; glucuronide)
-highly ionized (ion trapping and elimination)

189
Q

Of the money spent to address illegal drug use, what percentage does the United States spend on prevention?

A

for every $100 spent, only $3 is spent on prevention

190
Q

what is the most addictive drug in the world?

A

nicotine

191
Q

Dr. Benjamin Rush was the first to speak out on the dangers of which commonly used drug?

A

alcohol

192
Q

What was the average amount of pure liquor consumed by Americans in 1830 and how does it compare with the amount consumed today?

A

1830’s: 5 gallons per year
-which is 3x more than what we consume today

193
Q

What two developments greatly increased the incidence of medical opiate addiction in the 19th century?

A

-isolation of morphine
-popularization of hypodermic medication

194
Q

What was the primary medical use of opium and its extracts?

A

-daily struggles to make them feel better
-recreational use

195
Q

What occurred in 1914 that was a key factor in the creation of a black market for drugs in the United States?

A

Harrison Narcotics Act of 1914
-put tight control on drugs

196
Q

What event in 1917 set the stage for the passage of prohibition of alcohol in the United States?

A

alcohol was illegal for recreational use
-US was fighting Germany in WW1

197
Q

Harry Anslinger of the Food and Drug Administration was a key player in outlawing the use of this commonly used substance?

A

marijuana

198
Q

What federal legislation passed in 1951 was the first to set mandatory prison sentences for marijuana and narcotics?

A

Bog’s Act

199
Q

Which late 20th century U.S. president declared the “war on drugs”?

A

Ronald Regan

200
Q

What development in the mid-1980s dramatically increased the use of cocaine in minority and low-income populations.

A

development of crack
-was very affordable

201
Q

What percentage of today’s prison population is incarcerated for drug and alcohol- related crimes?

A

50-60%

202
Q

How many deaths occur as a result of all illicit drug use compared to smoking cigarettes?

A

illicit drugs: 4,600 have died
smoking: 400,000 die per year

203
Q

what is the #1 factor in freshman college failure, date rape, and domestic violence?

A

alcohol abuse

Drugs & Behavior (5 decks)

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