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AP BIO > Unit 4 > Flashcards

Unit 4 Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What are three reasons for cell division in organisms?

A

renew, replace, and growth

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2
Q

What is a cell’s genome?

A

All DNA in a cell(one or multiple molecules)

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3
Q

DNA molecules within a cell are packaged into?

A

DNA molecules within a cell are packaged into?

chromosomes

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4
Q

What is the “building material” of chromosomes?

A

Protein and DNA

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5
Q

Differentiate between somatic cells and gametes in terms of genetic contents and function?

A

Somatic cells have two sets of chromosomes(non reproductive cells and diploid) while gametes have one set of chromosomes and are reproductive cells and are haploid.

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6
Q

What is the cell cycle?

A

Events a cell goes through to divide and cell duplicates

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7
Q

What are the 4 stages of the cell cycle?

A

G1, S, G2, and M

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8
Q

Name the 3 phases of interphase.

A

G1(first gap), S(synthesis), G2(second gap)

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9
Q

What happens during G1?

A

Growth

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10
Q

What happens during the S phase? Why is this crucial to cell division?

A

the cell grows and DNA is replicated (so the cell can become daughter cells-2 separate cells)

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11
Q

In a duplicated chromosome what are the two identical strands called? What is the “waist” called?

A

Sister chromosomes. Waist=centromeres

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12
Q

What happens during the G2 phase?

A

Growth and duplicated organelles

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13
Q

What 2 stages make up the M phase?

A

Mitosis and cytokinesis

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14
Q

What are the 5 stages of mitosis?

A

Prophase, Prometaphase, metaphase, anaphase, telophases

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15
Q

• What occurs in prophase? Prometaphase?

A

Chromosomes condense/ spindle fibers form. In prometaphase kinetochores appear and nuclear envelope disappears

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16
Q

• What is a kinetochore? Distinguish between kinetochore microtubules and nonkinetochore microtubules.

A

Kinetochore= attache and help chromosomes pull apart

Nonkinetochore-push against each other

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17
Q

What three structures make up the spindle apparatus?

A

Spindle microtubules, centrosomes, and the asters

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18
Q

What is a centrosome? What organelles are located in the centrosome in animal cells? Where are they located during mitosis?

A

centrosome=a type of microtubule organizing center
2 centrioles
In opposite sides of a cell

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19
Q

• What occurs in metaphase? Anaphase?

A

Metaphase= chromosomes align in the center of the cell and two centrosome are on opposite sides of the cell
Anaphase: Sister chromatids separate (pulled towards opposite ends of the cell)

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20
Q

• Explain the processes (there are two ways) of kinetochore microtubules moving chromosomes toward the poles of the cell.

A

Motor proteins at spindle poles and microtubule depolymerize

Centrosomes pulls microtubules

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21
Q

What occurs during telophase?

A

A cell is starts divided into two daughter cells, DNA uncoils, Nuclear envelope forms

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22
Q

Differentiate between cytokinesis in plant and animal cells. What is the name of the groove formed in animal cells? The dividing structure in plant cells?

A

In plants cytokinesis is done through a cell wall and the dividing structure is called a cell plate.
In animals cytokinesis happens through cleavage and the grove is called cleavage furrow

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23
Q

What type of division occurs in prokaryotes?

A

Binary fission

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24
Q

Explain binary fission.

A

Binary fission helps prokaryotes reproduce asexually and is a type of cell division. A cell duplicates and so does the genetic material forming an identical prokaryotic/organism. No phases just copy DNA and paste it into two lumps/cells

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25
Q

How many chromosomes do most prokaryotes have?

A

One

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26
Q

What support do scientists have of the idea that mitosis evolved from simpler prokaryotic mechanisms of cell division?

A

Prokaryotes came before eukaryotes and therefore miosis probably came from binary fission

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27
Q

Distinguish between the G1 checkpoint, the G2 checkpoint and the M checkpoint. Why is the G1 checkpoint dubbed the “restriction point”in mammalian cells?

A

G1= went through G1, G2=chromosomes in the middle, M= microtubules aligned and kinetochores are attached
G1 can make a cell switch to a nondividing state if the cell did not complete the G1 process (growth)

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28
Q

What is G0? What kinds of cells in the human body remain in G0?

A

G0 is the nondividing state of cell division and it has cells that never divide

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29
Q

What are the two types of regulatory proteins that are involved in cell cycle control?

A

Cyclins/ protein kinases(activate or inactivate other proteins phosphorylating them

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30
Q

What is a common protein released by certain cells that stimulates other cells to divide?

A

-Growth factors

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31
Q

What happens in “density dependent inhibition”?

A

Crowded cells stop dividing

32
Q

What is Anchorage dependence?

A

-When cells must be attached to a substratum in order to divide (a surface)

33
Q

What kinds of cells would not respond to density dependent inhibition?

A

Cancer cells

34
Q

Differentiate between benign and malignant tumors.

A

Bening= stay in the same place it was produced

Malignant tumors= Spread to different organs/tissues and damage the functions of organs

35
Q

What does it mean when cancer metastasizes?

A

Cancer metastasis means that cancer cells spread to different locations away from the the original site of the cancer cells

36
Q

What is heredity?

A

-When traits transmit from one generation to the next

37
Q

What is the scientific study of heredity and variation?

A

Genetics

38
Q

What are the units of heredity called?

A

Genes

39
Q

How many sets of chromosomes are inherited from each parent?

A

one

40
Q

What term describes a gene’s specific location along the length of a chromosome?

A

-locus

41
Q

What are reproductive cells called?

A

Gametes

42
Q

Differentiate between sexual and asexual reproduction.

A
  • Sexual= Only one parent, offspring is identical to parent= clone
  • Asexual= Two parents, unique combination of genes that result from both parents (sex cells are used)
43
Q

What is a karyotype?

A

An ordered display of of the pairs of chromosome from a cell

44
Q

Differentiate between autosomes and sex chromosomes.

A
  • Autosome- any chromosome that is not a sex chromosome

- Sex chromosome- determine the sex of an organism/ individual (xx=female xy=male)

45
Q

What sex chromosomes are in males? Females? Sperm Cells? Egg Cells?

A
  • xx=female xy=male
  • Sperm cells= males= x or y
  • Egg cells=female= x
46
Q

What does it mean when cells are diploid or haploid? Give an example of diploid and haploid cells in the human body.

A

Haploid- A gamete (single set chromosomes) (n)

Diploid- Two sets of chromosomes (2n)

47
Q

What is a karyotype? How is it useful?

A
  • An ordered display of of the pairs of chromosome from a cell
  • Karyotypes help figure out what’s going wrong in chromosome
48
Q

What process must occur to form sex cells? Why is this process necessary and mitosis is not?

A
  • Meiosis

- Meiosis contains one chromosome from each parent to form a sex cell

49
Q

What is a zygote?

A

-A fertilized egg

50
Q

What does it mean to have “alternation of generations? In a life cycle?

A

Two multicellular stages

51
Q

Give an example of a type of organism with this kind of life cycle.

A

-plants and algae

52
Q

In the life cycle of fungi and some prokaryotes, is the adult haploid or diploid?

A

Haploid (sex cells

53
Q

In all life cycles, what kind of cells (haploid or diploid) can undergo meiosis? What cell type(s) (haploid or diploid) can undergo mitosis?

A 
meiosis= diploid cells
mitosis= either cells
54
Q

What occurs in interphase before meiosis? Does this differ from interphase in mitosis?

A

Chromosomes are paired in homologous pairs

In interphase in mitosis the chromosomes don’t have homologous pairs (there is only one chromosome)

55
Q

Compare daughter cells at the end of Meiosis I and Meiosis II.

A
  • Meiosis I= 2 daughter cells (sister chromatids are still connected)
  • Meiosis II= 4 daughter cells (sister chromatids are separated
56
Q

What four stages make up Meiosis I?

A
  • Interphase I
  • Metaphase I
  • Anaphase I
  • Telophase I
57
Q

What is synapsis?

A

A zipper-like structure called the synaptonemal complex
When two chromosomes pair together What is a tetrad?
2 homologous pairs together (4 chromatids/ strands of DNA )

58
Q

What is crossing over?

A

When non-sister chromatids exchange DNA segments

59
Q

Which chromatids exchange genetic material during prophase I?

A

Homologous chromosomes

60
Q

What is an X-shaped region where crossing over has occurred?

A

Chiasmata

61
Q

What is a synaptonemal complex and when does it occur?

A
  • Synapsis

- During prophase I

62
Q

What is the name of the protein that holds sister chromatids together during Meiosis I?

A

Cohesin

63
Q

How do the chromosomes line up during metaphase I? How is this different from how they line up in metaphase II?

A
  • Metaphase I- chromosomes line up in homologous pairs (but they separate)
  • Metaphase II- chromosomes line up a single file (sister chromatids separate)
64
Q

What occurs during anaphase I? How does this stage differ from anaphase II?

A
  • Anaphase I- homologous pairs are separated

- Anaphase II- Sister chromatids are separated

65
Q

What occurs during telophase/cytokinesis I?

A

2 daughter cells are formed that separate homologous pairs (2 haploid cells)

66
Q

Does DNA replication occur between Meiosis I and II? Why or why not?

A

No because the DNA was already replicated in Meiosis I and the 2 daughter cells as a result of this process need to further divide to separate sister chromatids.

67
Q

What process is Meiosis II very similar to?

A

Mitosis

68
Q

What four stages make up Meiosis II?

A
  • Prophase II
  • Metaphase II
  • Anaphase II
  • Telophase II and cytokinesis
69
Q

Compare Mitosis and Meiosis in respect to the number of divisions and their role(s) in the body.

A

Mitosis= 1 division Meiosis= 2 divisions
-Mitosis is use for cell growth, repair, and asexual reproduction

-meiosis is used for sexual reproduction

70
Q

Compare Mitosis and Meiosis in respect to the number of daughter cells and chromosome numbers in daughter cells and parent cells.

A
  • Mitosis creates two daughter cells
  • meiosis produces four daughter cells (both start with diploid cells)
  • Mitosis has the same amount of chromosomes in parent and daughter cells
  • Meiosis has half the amount of chromosomes from the parent cell in the daughter cells
71
Q

Compare genetic variability in daughter cells formed from mitosis and those formed from meiosis.

A 
mitosis= genetically identical cells
Meiosis=  genetically different cells (because it takes the DNA of two parent cell)
72
Q

What three mechanisms contribute to genetic variation within a species?

A
  • Crossing over
  • Random fertilization
  • independent assortment of chromosomes (whether they face forward or backwards)
73
Q

What is meant by “independent assortment”?

A

whether they face forward or backward when they are separated (how they line up)

74
Q

What does the term “recombinant chromosome” mean?

A

the combination of the DNA inherited from each parent (different from the parents)

75
Q

Approximately how many different genetic combinations are possible in gametes produced from one human being?

A

8.4 million

76
Q

Approximately how many different genetic combinations are possible in a zygote formed from two individuals?

A

70 trillion

AP BIO (5 decks)

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