Unit 3A Vocabulary and Examples Flashcards
Acculturation
when people within a country adopt some of the cultural traits but keep parts of their own culture
Acculturation example(s)
being Lebanese-American (do American activities but I speak Arabic and go back to Lebanon to visit family), Muslim women when they migrate (adopt aspects of new culture but still wear hijab)
Assimilation
he interaction of 2 cultures that results in one culture adopting almost all of the culture traits of the other (a culture gets erased)
Assimilation example(s)
U.S. gov forcing Native American children to go to boarding schools and have English names (post Trail of Tears)
Artifact
the visible objects and technologies that a culture creates
Artifact example(s)
buildings (Coliseum), houses, clothes, tools, land-use practices -> some are everyday objects and others are religious or societal expression
Commodification
the process through which something is given monetary value -> occurs when something that wasn’t worth selling is turned into something that can be traded in the economy
Commodification example(s)
eBay (things are sold on there for hundreds of dollars)
Creolization
the interactions between culture that result in 2 or more cultural elements (language) blending together)
Creolization example(s)
Haitian Creole (combo of French and African dialects because of the slave trade in the Caribbean)
Cultural Convergence
when cultures become more similar through interactions (share ideas, innovations) -> the closer cultures are to each other the more likely they are to converge
Cultural Convergence example(s)
Tex-Mex food (Mexican cuisine and American flavors mix), arranged marriages (common in Southern Asia but uncommon in the U.S. because these places are far away from each other)
Cultural Divergence
when conflicting beliefs or barriers cause 2 cultures to become less similar -> can happen when someone moves away from their core culture
Cultural Divergence example(s)
Amish people (don’t use technology because they believe it has negative effects)
Culture
the beliefs, values, practices, and behaviors that are shared by a society and are passed down from generation to generation
Culture example(s)
clothes, literature, food, music, festivals -> attitudes and values are harder to identify
Dialect
a variation of a standard language specific to a general area with different pronunciation, speech, word choice, and spelling
Dialect example(s)
Arabic (Lebanese dialect is different than Egyptian one), soda vs. pop (different depending on the region), color vs. colour (American spelling is different than the UK spelling)
Ethnic Neighborhood (enclave)
a cultural landscape within a community of people outside their area of origin
Ethnic Neighborhood (enclave) example(s)
Japantown (San Francisco), Chinatown (NYC, San Francisco), Little Havana (Miami)
Ethnocentrism
when one cultural group believes their culture is superior to others (comes from preconceived ideas that have originated from their culture)
Ethnocentrism example(s)
European Colonization (thought they needed to “fix” the countries they colonized because they were barbaric)
Extinct Language
a language that was once used by people in daily activates but it is no longer used
Extinct Language example(s)
Latin or Sanskrit
Folk (traditional) Culture
the practice of a particular customs of a small group of people that increases that group’s uniqueness (primarily transmitted through migration)
Folk (traditional) Culture example(s)
the Bantu tribes who migrated over the African coast spreading agricultural knowledge and technology
Hearth
the region from which innovative ideas orginate
Hearth example(s)
NYC of LA (produce large amounts of cultural influence that spread throughout the modern world)
Lingua Franca
the common language used among speakers of different languages to commonly communicate with others
Lingua Franca example(s)
Spanish in Latin American countries, English (worldwide -> used in flight, the internet, etc…)
Monolingual States
countries in which only one language is spoken
Monolingual States example(s)
Iceland (but there aren’t any monolingual countries today)
Multiculturalism
when diverse cultures coexist within a shared space -> the people in these places don’t belong to a specific culture -> creates an atmosphere of acceptance and a rich blend of cultural traits
Multiculturalism example(s)
United States, New York
Multilingual States
countries in which more than one language is spoken
Multilingual States example(s)
United States
Nativist
a person who favors those born in his country ad is opposed to immigrants -> largely rooted in ethnocentric beliefs
Nativist example(s)
anti-immigration policies, xenophobia, the exclusion acts the U.S. had in place
Official Language
the language adopted by a country’s government for conducting business and for publishing official government documents
Official Language example(s)
Japanese in Japan, English in the U.S., etc…
Pidgin Language
when parts of 2 or more languages are combined to form a more simplified version in terms of structure and vocabulary
Pidgin Language example(s)
Creole, Franglais, Spanglish, etc…
Placelessness
the loss of uniqueness of a place in the cultural landscape so that one place looks like the rest
Placelessness example(s)
the cold and scary places in the downtown area are homes for the homeless people -> some people that pass it might have no attraction to this place but in could be a home to many homeless people
Placemaking
a community-driven process where people collaborate to create a place where they can work, live, play, and learn
Placemaking example(s)
Settlers coming to an area and building towns and cities in order to live in this new place
Popular Culture
the widespread behaviors, beliefs, and practices of ordinary people in a society at a given point in time that tend to change quickly -> rate of change is quicker because of technology
Popular Culture example(s)
food, music, television slang in the U.S. spreading to other countries’ television
Revived Language
a language that has experienced near or complete extinct as either a spoken or written language, but has been internationally revived and has regained some of its former status
Revived Language example(s)
Hebrew
Standard Language
the form of a language that is used for official government business, education, and mass technology
Standard Language example(s)
English in the U.S. and French in Lebanon
Sequent Occupance
the notion that successive societies leave their cultural imprint behind (and shapes the future cultural landscape)
Sequent Occupance example(s)
New Orleans -> colonized by the French and Spanish which led to a large amount of slaves being brought -> reason behind why so many people speak French and why there’s a huge African American culture within the area (soul, food, jazz)
Syncretism
the blending/combination of cultures and ideas from different places that result in the creation of new ideas, values
Syncretism example(s)
Santeria (combo of traditional African religions and Roman Catholicism), snowboarding (combo of skateboarding, skiing, and surfing)
Terroir
the contribution of a location’s distinctive physical features on the way food tastes
Terroir example(s)
tomatoes grown New York and tomatoes grown in Florida will taste differently, a food grown in Asia will taste different than a food grown in Mexico
Toponym
place names that help define what’s unique like the geographic features and history
Toponym example(s)
Coconut Creek in Florida, Washington (state), Indiana, etc…
