Unit 3.5 Reproduction/Homeostasis Flashcards
osmolarity
refers to the solute concentration of a solution
osmoregulation
the control of water balance inside a living organism
eg. humans/animals maintain internal solute concentration
osmoconfronters
organisms that match their internal solute concentration with their environment
eg. jellyfish
what does animal waste do?
breaks down amino acids and nucleic acids which produces nitrogenous waste
nitrogenous waste in mammals?
known as urea, excreted by kidneys as urine. the purpose is to keep the osmotic concentration of the body limited in range
nephrons
a structural and functional unit of the kidney. it is comprised of other functions
bowman’s capsule
the first part of the nephron where blood is initially filtered and components of blood is pushed out
proximal convoluted tube
folded structure connected to bowman’s capsule where selective reabsorption occurs
*reabsorption accordingly to homeostasis
loop of Henle
selectively permeable loop, descneds into medulla and has a salt gradient
distal convoluted tube
folded structure connected to the loop of Henle, selective reabsorption occurs
*reabsorption concerning regulation of water, electrolytes, and hydrogen ion balance.
phases of filtration
- ultrafiltration
- selective reabsorption
- osomoregulation
renal artery
composition of blood entering kidney (blood ingested substances, urea/other excretory waste)
renal vein (bigger one)
composition of blood leaving the kidney (blood has less urea, glucose, water, solutes. and has more co2)
ultrafiltration as phase 1
small ions (amino acids, water, salts, glucose) are filtered into bowman’s capsule while large proteins cannot pass (eg. RBC)
selective filtration as phase 2
reabsorbs useful substances in (mainly) proximal and distal tubules (partly).
osmoregulation (part of loop of henle) as phase 3
selectively permeable loop that descends into medulla and has a salt gradient
what is the loop of Henle made out of
- descending limb - permeable to water NOT salts
- ascending limb - permeable to salt NOT water
function of ADH
control of water reabsorption which is released when dehydrated
When does ADH decrease
when hydrated, less water is reabsorbed and urine is diluted.
when does ADH increase
when dehydrated, more aquaporins are relased, water levels are less, and urine is more concentrated
reproduction
all species must reproduce to survive, can be reproduced asexually or sexually and in rare cases both ways.
asexual reproduction
one parent only, through mitosis offspring are genetically identical, often occurs in non-changing environments
sexual reproduction
fusion of egg and sperm cell (2 parents), through meiosis, offspring are genetically different. offspring often are able to adjust to surrounding environment
meiosis
sexual reproduction, fusion of male and female sex cells, functions to halve the chromosomes, parental genes are broken up
female gametes
large eggs, doesn’t move on its on cilia moves it along oviduct, one egg produced a month, 23 chromosomes (haploid), used proteins and fats as food
male gametes
smaller sperm cell, swims on its own using tail, millions produced after puberty, 23 chromosomes, uses sugar as food
Vas deferens (sperm duct) (m)
carries sperm to penis during ejaculation
Prostate gland (m)
adds alkaline fluids that neutralize the vaginas acids
Urethra (m)
delivers sperm during ejaculation and excretes urine.
penis/erectile muscle (m)
muscles become erect to participate in intercourse/delivers sperm to vagina
Seminal vesicles (m)
add nutrients such as fructose sugar for respiration. Creates mucus to protect sperm.
Epididymis (m)
sperm matures here and is able to move and is stored here awating ejaculation
Testis (m)
produces millions of sperm everyday and produces testosterone
Scrotum (m)
protects testes and holds it outside the body to maintain an optimal temperature for sperm
Uterus (f)
provides protection, nutrients, waste removal for developing fetus
Fallopian tube/oviduct (f)
connects ovary to uterus, fertilsation of egg occurs
Ovary (f)
where eggs are stored, developed, and matured. Plus produces estrogen and progesterone
endometrium (lining of uterus) (f)
developed each month preparing for one fertilised egg
Cervix (f)
muscular opening that is the entrance to the uterus. Closes to protect fetus and opens during birth
Vagina (f)
accepts the penis during intercourse, sperm is received here.
placanta
an organ that develops during pregnancy, its connects the umbilical cord to the baby which helps provide oxygen and nutrients
menstrual cycle
occurs from puberty to menopause, lasts ~28 days, controls production of eggs, prepares lining to receive embryo
ovarian cycle phases
follicular phase and luteal phase
follicular phase
follicles develop in over (egg is inside follicle), mature follicles burst and release the egg AKA ovulation occurs, phase lasts ~14 days
luteal phase
broken follicles turn into corpus luteum, release hormones to support pregnancy, without fertilization, it degenerates, lasts ~14 days
corpus luteum
temp. collection of cells that form in ovary during period, purpose is to create a healthy environment for the fetus to grow
uterine cycle
endometrium lining gets thicker, lining is very rich in blood (for embryo implantation), w/o embryo, the lining sheds aka period
hormones during menstrual cycle
follicular stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinizing hormone(LH), estrogen (oestradiol), Progesterone (prepares lining for implantation of embryo)
Anterior pituitary
produces FSH and LH
LH
causes ovulation and forms corpus luteumo
FSH
stimulates follicular growth and estrogen secretion
ovaries
estrogen thickens lining, prevents FSH and LH for ~whole cycle and stimulates them before ovulation
human fertilization process
eggs release chemicals that sperm detects, sperm swims to egg and pushes into glycoprotein of egg, sperm binds to eggs plasma membrane,
