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IB HL Biology > Unit 3.5 Reproduction/Homeostasis > Flashcards

Unit 3.5 Reproduction/Homeostasis Flashcards

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1
Q

osmolarity

A

refers to the solute concentration of a solution

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2
Q

osmoregulation

A

the control of water balance inside a living organism
eg. humans/animals maintain internal solute concentration

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3
Q

osmoconfronters

A

organisms that match their internal solute concentration with their environment
eg. jellyfish

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4
Q

what does animal waste do?

A

breaks down amino acids and nucleic acids which produces nitrogenous waste

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5
Q

nitrogenous waste in mammals?

A

known as urea, excreted by kidneys as urine. the purpose is to keep the osmotic concentration of the body limited in range

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6
Q

nephrons

A

a structural and functional unit of the kidney. it is comprised of other functions

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7
Q

bowman’s capsule

A

the first part of the nephron where blood is initially filtered and components of blood is pushed out

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8
Q

proximal convoluted tube

A

folded structure connected to bowman’s capsule where selective reabsorption occurs
*reabsorption accordingly to homeostasis

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9
Q

loop of Henle

A

selectively permeable loop, descneds into medulla and has a salt gradient

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10
Q

distal convoluted tube

A

folded structure connected to the loop of Henle, selective reabsorption occurs
*reabsorption concerning regulation of water, electrolytes, and hydrogen ion balance.

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11
Q

phases of filtration

A
  1. ultrafiltration
  2. selective reabsorption
  3. osomoregulation
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12
Q

renal artery

A

composition of blood entering kidney (blood ingested substances, urea/other excretory waste)

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13
Q

renal vein (bigger one)

A

composition of blood leaving the kidney (blood has less urea, glucose, water, solutes. and has more co2)

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14
Q

ultrafiltration as phase 1

A

small ions (amino acids, water, salts, glucose) are filtered into bowman’s capsule while large proteins cannot pass (eg. RBC)

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15
Q

selective filtration as phase 2

A

reabsorbs useful substances in (mainly) proximal and distal tubules (partly).

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16
Q

osmoregulation (part of loop of henle) as phase 3

A

selectively permeable loop that descends into medulla and has a salt gradient

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17
Q

what is the loop of Henle made out of

A
  1. descending limb - permeable to water NOT salts
  2. ascending limb - permeable to salt NOT water
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18
Q

function of ADH

A

control of water reabsorption which is released when dehydrated

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19
Q

When does ADH decrease

A

when hydrated, less water is reabsorbed and urine is diluted.

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20
Q

when does ADH increase

A

when dehydrated, more aquaporins are relased, water levels are less, and urine is more concentrated

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21
Q

reproduction

A

all species must reproduce to survive, can be reproduced asexually or sexually and in rare cases both ways.

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22
Q

asexual reproduction

A

one parent only, through mitosis offspring are genetically identical, often occurs in non-changing environments

23
Q

sexual reproduction

A

fusion of egg and sperm cell (2 parents), through meiosis, offspring are genetically different. offspring often are able to adjust to surrounding environment

24
Q

meiosis

A

sexual reproduction, fusion of male and female sex cells, functions to halve the chromosomes, parental genes are broken up

25
Q

female gametes

A

large eggs, doesn’t move on its on cilia moves it along oviduct, one egg produced a month, 23 chromosomes (haploid), used proteins and fats as food

26
Q

male gametes

A

smaller sperm cell, swims on its own using tail, millions produced after puberty, 23 chromosomes, uses sugar as food

27
Q

Vas deferens (sperm duct) (m)

A

carries sperm to penis during ejaculation

28
Q

Prostate gland (m)

A

adds alkaline fluids that neutralize the vaginas acids

29
Q

Urethra (m)

A

delivers sperm during ejaculation and excretes urine.

30
Q

penis/erectile muscle (m)

A

muscles become erect to participate in intercourse/delivers sperm to vagina

31
Q

Seminal vesicles (m)

A

add nutrients such as fructose sugar for respiration. Creates mucus to protect sperm.

32
Q

Epididymis (m)

A

sperm matures here and is able to move and is stored here awating ejaculation

33
Q

Testis (m)

A

produces millions of sperm everyday and produces testosterone

34
Q

Scrotum (m)

A

protects testes and holds it outside the body to maintain an optimal temperature for sperm

35
Q

Uterus (f)

A

provides protection, nutrients, waste removal for developing fetus

36
Q

Fallopian tube/oviduct (f)

A

connects ovary to uterus, fertilsation of egg occurs

37
Q

Ovary (f)

A

where eggs are stored, developed, and matured. Plus produces estrogen and progesterone

38
Q

endometrium (lining of uterus) (f)

A

developed each month preparing for one fertilised egg

39
Q

Cervix (f)

A

muscular opening that is the entrance to the uterus. Closes to protect fetus and opens during birth

40
Q

Vagina (f)

A

accepts the penis during intercourse, sperm is received here.

41
Q

placanta

A

an organ that develops during pregnancy, its connects the umbilical cord to the baby which helps provide oxygen and nutrients

42
Q

menstrual cycle

A

occurs from puberty to menopause, lasts ~28 days, controls production of eggs, prepares lining to receive embryo

43
Q

ovarian cycle phases

A

follicular phase and luteal phase

44
Q

follicular phase

A

follicles develop in over (egg is inside follicle), mature follicles burst and release the egg AKA ovulation occurs, phase lasts ~14 days

45
Q

luteal phase

A

broken follicles turn into corpus luteum, release hormones to support pregnancy, without fertilization, it degenerates, lasts ~14 days

46
Q

corpus luteum

A

temp. collection of cells that form in ovary during period, purpose is to create a healthy environment for the fetus to grow

47
Q

uterine cycle

A

endometrium lining gets thicker, lining is very rich in blood (for embryo implantation), w/o embryo, the lining sheds aka period

48
Q

hormones during menstrual cycle

A

follicular stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinizing hormone(LH), estrogen (oestradiol), Progesterone (prepares lining for implantation of embryo)

49
Q

Anterior pituitary

A

produces FSH and LH

50
Q

LH

A

causes ovulation and forms corpus luteumo

51
Q

FSH

A

stimulates follicular growth and estrogen secretion

52
Q

ovaries

A

estrogen thickens lining, prevents FSH and LH for ~whole cycle and stimulates them before ovulation

53
Q

human fertilization process

A

eggs release chemicals that sperm detects, sperm swims to egg and pushes into glycoprotein of egg, sperm binds to eggs plasma membrane,

54
Q
A

IB HL Biology (4 decks)

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