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A2 Biology - unit 4 > Unit 3.4.4 - Respiration > Flashcards

Unit 3.4.4 - Respiration Flashcards

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1
Q

Where does most of respiration take place?

A

In the mitochondria

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2
Q

What is respiration?

A

The controlled release of energy/ATP from organic molecules

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3
Q

What is the word equation for respiration?

A

Glucose + Oxygen → Carbon Dioxide + Water + Energy

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4
Q

What is the symbol equation for respiration?

A

C₆H₁₂O₆ + 6O₂ → 6CO₂ + 6H₂0 + Energy

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5
Q

What are two main difference between aerobic respiration and anaerobic respiration?

A
  1. ) Aerobic requires oxygen whereas anaerobic doesn’t

2. ) Aerobic generates relatively large amounts of ATP compared to anaerobic

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6
Q

Name four examples of coenzymes.

A

NAD, FAD, NADP, coenzyme A

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7
Q

How many stages is aerobic respiration split up into?

A

Four

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8
Q

What are the names of the four stages in aerobic respiration?

A

Glycolysis, line reaction, Kreb’s cycle and the electron transfer chain

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9
Q

What is another name for the electron transfer chain?

A

Oxidative phosphorylation

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10
Q

Where does glycolysis take place?

A

Cytoplasm of cells

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11
Q

Which stage of respiration do anaerobic and aerobic respiration share?

A

Glycolysis

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12
Q

What are the two steps within glycolysis?

A
  1. ) Glucose is split into 2 pyruvate molecules
  2. ) In the process 2ATP is changed to 2ADP + Pi,
  3. ) 2NAD is reduced to form NADH and then 4 ATP is released
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13
Q

What is the net production of ATP during glycolysis?

A

2

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14
Q

What does the fate of the pyruvate depend on?

A

If there is sufficient oxygen.

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15
Q

If there is sufficient oxygen what happens to the pyruvate?

A

It goes to the next stage of aerobic respiration - the link reaction.

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16
Q

Where does the link reaction take place?

A

Matrix of the mitochondria.

17
Q

What happens during the link reaction?

A

NAD + Pyruvate + CoA → Acetyl CoA + Carbon Dioxide + NADH

18
Q

How many times does the link reaction happen per glucose molecule?

A

Twice.

19
Q

How many channel proteins are needed to transfer the pyruvate into the matrix of the mitochondria? Why?

A

Two. The mitochondria has a double membrane.

20
Q

How many ATP molecules are made during the link reaction?

A

Zero

21
Q

What is the next stage in aerobic respiration after the link reaction.

A

Kreb’s cycle

22
Q

In 4 steps what happens during the Kreb’s cycle?

A
  1. Acetyl CoA combine for with a 4C molecule to form a 6C molecule.
  2. The 6C molecule is oxidised to a 5C molecule, NAD is reduced to NADH in the process and carbon dioxide is released.
  3. The same thing happens when you go from a 5C molecule to a 4C.
  4. The atoms in the 4C molecule are rearranged and it is oxidised twice, the 4C molecule has a lot of energy so it is used to form ATP from ADP +Pi, NAD is reduced to NADH and FAD is reduced to FADH in the process.
23
Q

How many times does the Kreb’s cycle happen for one glucose molecule?

A

Twice

24
Q

How many molecules of ATP are made during the Kreb’s cycle?

A

Two

25
Q

What is the last stage of aerobic respiration called?

A

Electron transfer chain.

26
Q

Where does the electron transfer chain take place?

A

The membrane of the cristae.

27
Q

What happens in 8 steps during the electron transfer chain?

A
  1. NADH from glycolysis, the line reaction and kreb’s cycle is in the matrix of the mitochondria.
  2. NADH goes to one of the carrier proteins and H+ ions pass through the cristae membrane and the electrons pass to the next carrier protein along the electron transfer chain.
  3. FADH from the kreb’s cycle is in the matrix of the mitochondria.
  4. FADH goes to another carrier protein and H+ ions pass through the cristae membrane and the electrons pass to the next carrier protein along the electron transfer chain.
  5. NAD and FAD return to other stages of respiration to pick up more hydrogen.
  6. H+ ions move through the ATP synthetase down the concentration gradient.
  7. They combine with electrons from the electron transfer chain and oxygen to form water in the matrix of the mitochondria.
  8. When H+ ions pass through the ATP synthetase ATP is produced from ADP and Pi.
28
Q

How many molecules of ATP are made during the electron transfer chain?

A

34

29
Q

How many ATP molecules are made during aerobic respiration?

A

38

30
Q

If there isn’t sufficient oxygen what happens to the pyruvate?

A

Anaerobic respiration

31
Q

What is anaerobic respiration in plants called?

A

Alcoholic fermentation.

32
Q

What happens during alcoholic fermentation?

A

Pyruvate is changed into ethanol and carbon dioxide, during the process NADH is oxidised to NAD.

33
Q

What is anaerobic respiration in animals called?

A

Lactate fermentation

34
Q

What happens during lactate fermentation?

A

Pyruvate is changed into lactic acid, during the process NADH is oxidised to NAD

35
Q

What is another name for lactic acid?

A

Lactate

36
Q

How many ATP are produced in anaerobic respiration?

A

2

A2 Biology - unit 4 (8 decks)

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