Unit 3.4.10 - Organic Synthesis and Anaysis Flashcards
How can you test between primary, secondary and tertiary alcohols?
First, warm with acidified potassium dichromate in distillation apparatus.
Primary and secondary will turn the orange dichromate green.
Tertiary there will be no visible change.
Then carry out the Tollen’s reagent test.
Aldehyde and so a primary alcohol produces a silver mirror.
Ketone and so secondary alcohol produces no visible change.
How do you test for unsaturation?
Shake with bromine solution.
Unsaturated will turn the solution from orange to colourless.
Saturated, no visible change.
What is the first test you can do for haloalkanes?
Add sodium hydroxide then nitric acid then silver nitrate solution. Fluoride no precipitate. Chloride white precipitate. Bromide Cream precipitate. Iodide Yellow precipitate.
Why do you add sodium hydroxide first when testing for haloalkanes?
To remove the halogen from the haloalkane.
What is the equation for when you add sodium hydroxide to a haloalkane?
.
Why do you add nitric acid when testing for haloalkanes?
To get rid of any other ions which might interfere with the test.
What is a further test you can do to differentiate between the haloalkanes?
Add dilute and then concentrated ammonia solution.
Fluoride - no visible change.
Chloride - precipitate dissolves in dilute ammonia solution.
Bromine - precipitate dissolves in concentrated ammonia solution.
iodide - No visible change.
What is the synthesis route for turning benzene into a phenylketone?
Friedel Crafts Acylation - Acyl chloride, AlCl3 catalyst, reflux, non-aqueous environment.
What is the synthesis route for turning benzene into a nitrobenzene?
Nitration - Concentrated sulphuric acid, concentrated nitric acid below 55 degrees C
What is the synthesis route for turning nitrobenzene into Phenylamine?
Reduction - Sn, Concentrated HCl, reflux, NaOH(aq)
What is the synthesis route for turning Phenylamine into N-phenylethanamide?
Acyl chloride
What is the synthesis route to turn a Haloalkane into an Amine a Quaternary Ammonium Salt?
Ammonia, heat
What is the synthesis route to turn a Haloalkane into a Nitrile?
KCN(aq), ethanol, under reflux
What is the synthesis route to turn a Nitrile into a Primary Amine?
LiAlH4, with dilute H2SO4
What is the synthesis route to turn a Alkane into a Haloalkane?
X2, UV light
What is the synthesis route to turn a Haloalkane into an Alcohol?
Warm NAOH(aq) and reflux.
What is the synthesis route to turn a Haloalkane into an Alkene?.
NaOH, ethanol, reflux
What is the synthesis route to turn an Alkene into a Haloalkane?
HBr, room temp
What is the synthesis route to turn an Alkene into a Dibromoalkane?
Br2 and room temp
What is the synthesis route to turn an Alkene into an Alcohol?
HxPO4 catalyst, steam, 300 deg C and 60 atm
What is the synthesis route to turn an Alcohol into an Alkene
Conc H2SO4 and reflux
What is the synthesis route to turn an Alcohol into a Aldehyde/Ketone?
Acidified Potassium Dichromate, heat in distillation apparatus.
What is the synthesis route to turn an Aldehyde/Ketone into an Alcohol?
NaBH4 in water with methanol.
What is the synthesis route to turn an Aldehyde/Ketone into Hydroxynitrile?
HCN, H2SO4 and room temp.
What is the synthesis route to turn an Aldehyde into a Carboxylic Acid?
Acidified Potassium Dichromate, reflux.
What is the synthesis route to turn a Carboxylic Acid into a Ester
alcohol, conc H2SO4 catalyst, heat
What are the two synthesis routes to turn an Ester into a Carboxylic Acid?
- Dilute H2SO4 catalyst, H2O and reflux.
2. Dilute NaOH reflux
What is the synthesis route to turn an Acyl Chloride into a Carboxylic Acid?
H2O room temp
What is the synthesis route to turn an Acyl Chloride into an Ester?
Alcohol, room temp
What is the synthesis route to turn an Acyl Chloride into a Primary Amide?
Ammonia, room temp
What is the synthesis route to turn an Acyl Chloride into an N-Substituted Amide?
Amine, room temp
