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PLTW MI > Unit 3.4: Building a Better Cancer Treatment > Flashcards

Unit 3.4: Building a Better Cancer Treatment Flashcards

1
Q

3.4.1 Precision Medicine

What is Precision Medicine?

A
  • Aka personalized medicine
  • Matching treatment with a patient based on genes, environment, lifestyle, and microbes
  • Reduces side effects for a patient
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2
Q

3.4.1 Precision Medicine

Why is the time right for percision medicine?

A

Advancements in bioinformatics

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3
Q

3.4.1 Precision Medicine

What is a SNP?

A

Single nucleotide difference within a gene

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4
Q

3.4.1 Precision Medicine

What is a haplotype?

A
  • All possible combinations of SNPs in a gene
  • One haplotype from mother and one from father
  • SNP Profile: a person’s haplotype pair
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5
Q

3.4.1 Precision Medicine

How are SNP profiles applied to drug choices?

A
  • Pharmacogentics: determine a patient’s SNP profile, compare it to known data to predict patient’s response
  • Range of responses is due to genetic changes (variants)
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6
Q

3.4.1 Precision Medicine

What are some other applicants of precision medicine?

A
  • Growing replacement tissue
  • Molecular profiling of microbes
  • Personalized diets
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7
Q

3.4.2 Nanofuture

What is a nanometer?

A

1,000,000 nanometers = 1mm

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8
Q

3.4.2 Nanofuture

What is nanotechnology?

A

The understanding and control over matter at dimensions between apporximately one and one hundred nanometers

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9
Q

3.4.2 Nanofuture

What is nanomedicine?

A
  • Use of nanotechnology in medicine
  • Medical interventions being developed at the cellular and molecular scale to diagnose and treat disease
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10
Q

3.4.2 Nanofuture

Cantilevers

A
  • A diagnostic tool
  • Beam that contains molecules that other molecules can bind to
  • The bending beam indicates something
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11
Q

3.4.2 Nanofuture

Nanopores

A
  • A diagnostic tool
  • Electrically insulated device with tiny holes that allow DNA to pass through
  • Sense and study physical proporties of biomolecules
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12
Q

3.4.2 Nanofuture

Nanotubes

A
  • A diagnostic tool and a form of treatment
  • Can be used solo or in conjunction with nanopores
  • Can be used for drug delivery
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13
Q

3.4.2 Nanofuture

Quantum Dots

A
  • A diagnosis tool and a form of treatment
  • Crystals that emit radiation specific to a target
  • They bind to DNA bases, cells, etc.. for detection
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14
Q

3.4.2 Nanofuture

Nanoshells

A
  • Treatment
  • Beads coated w/ gold that recognize specifc targets
  • Ex: can burn just tumor when they absorb light & heat up
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15
Q

3.4.2 Nanofuture

Dendrimes

A
  • Treatment
  • Man-made molecules that carry a variety of molecules
  • Improve efficiency and reduce toxicity of an active drug molecule
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16
Q

3.4.3 Clinical Trials

What is the general purpose of clinical trials

A

Assess safety/efficiay of
* experimental treatments
* new drug combinations
* new surgical/radiation therapy approaches
* better disease prevention approaches
* better diagnostic approaches

17
Q

3.4.3 Clinical Trials

Phase 1

A
  • less than 100
  • Safety, side effects, dosage, admin methods
  • several months
18
Q

3.4.3 Clinical Trials

Phase 2

A
  • several hundred
  • safety & effectiveness
  • several months to years
19
Q

3.4.3 Clinical Trials

Phase 3

A
  • 1000-3000 subjects
  • effectiveness in comparison to others
  • 1-4 yrs
  • fda approval
20
Q

3.4.3 Clinical Trials

Phase 4

A
  • several thousand subjects
  • long term safety, lomg term effects & benefits
  • 4+ years
21
Q

3.4.3 Clinical Trials

Clinical Trial ABCD

A
  • A - Preclinical Testing
    - laboratory testing, animal testing, protocal
  • B - Clinical Research
    - Dose finsing, proof of concept, comparitive efficiacy
  • C - Final Data Analysis
  • D - Follow Up
22
Q

3.4.3 Clinical Trials

Blinded Studies

A
  • helps reduce patient or researcher bias
  • single blind: only researchers know
  • double blind: both researchers and participants don’t know
  • open trial: both know
23
Q

3.4.3 Clinical Trials

Crossover trials

A
  • Period one: group 1 get treatment 1 & group 2 get treatment 2
  • Washout period
  • Period 2: group 1 get treatment 2 & group 2 get treatment 1
24
Q

3.4.3 Clinical Trials

Factorial Trial

A

A clinical trial examining the effects of both a new drug and a lifestyle intervention. Participants may be randomized to receive the drug alone, the lifestyle intervention alone, both treatments, or neither.

25
Q

3.4.3 Clinical Trials

Orphan Drug Trial

A
  • treat rare diseases/conditions
  • affect very small number of people
  • will need govt incentives to be financially viable
  • pharmaceuticals are developed
26
Q

3.4.3 Clinical Trials

What is the IRB?

A
  • Institutional Review Board
  • evaluate clinical trials
  • make sure they are ethical, protected, and risks are minimal
27
Q

3.4.4 Tiny Treatment

Monoclonical Antibodies

A
  • recognize and bind to antigens on cancer cells
  • ex: herceptin & mabthera
  • benefits: boost and supplement immune system by reducing likelihood of sever symptoms
  • risk: side effects to the antibodies
28
Q

3.4.4 Tiny Treatment

Immunce Checkpoint Inhibitors

A
  • block checkpoints (protein) made by immune system & some cancer cells
  • Ex: Keytruda & Yervoy
  • benefits: increase probability of long term survival in patients w/ metastic disease
  • risk: side effects range
29
Q

3.4.4 Tiny Treatment

Interferons

A
  • helps delay/prevent recurrence of cancer
  • drugs that stop cancer cells & virsuses from growing
  • treat viral infections, cancers, and autoimmune diseases
  • risks: can cause insomnia, depression, etc…
30
Q

3.4.4 Tiny Treatment

Interleukins

A
  • regulates cell growth, cell diffrentiation, induces activation of inflammatory responses
  • ex: interleukin 2
  • benefits: heightens defense
  • risks: low heart rate, rash, etc…
31
Q

3.4.4 Tiny Treatment

Oncolytic Virus Therapy

A
  • blockes TGF-beta and regulatory t cells
  • helps t cells attack tumor
  • benefit: can kill cancer cells by release of antigens
  • risks: immune system can attack healthy cells
32
Q

3.4.4 Tiny Treatment

Cancer Vaccines

A
  • immune system allows delay/shrink growth of cancer cells
  • ex: melanoma vaccine, pembriolizumab
  • benefits: kill fast and reduce the spread
  • risks: potential side effects; fevers, back pain & joint pain

PLTW MI (6 decks)

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