Unit 3.1: Detecting Cancer Flashcards
(31 cards)
3.1.1 Who is Affected By Cancer
What are some risk factors of that increase the risk of cancer?
- Smoking
- Alcohol Consumption
- Sun Exposure
- Diet
- Family History
- Exposure to carciogenic chemicals
- Age
- Diseases/pathogens
- Genetic Mutations
3.1.1 Who is Affected By Cancer
What are some options for treating cancer?
- Chemotherapy
- Radiation
- Surgery
- Stem cell/bone marrow transplants
3.1.2 Diagnostic Imaging
X-Ray
- Concentrated beam of radiation is sent to a specific region of the body
- Used for structural examination of bones and joints
- Pros: simple, fast, low cost
- Cons: uses radiation, produced 2d images
3.1.2 Diagnostic Imaging
Computed Tomogrpahy (CT scan)
- USE XRAY
- Concentrated beam of radiation is sent to a speciffc region of body via a rotating device
- Structural examination of bones, joints, soft tissues, organs
- Pros: 3d images and is quick
- Cons: uses radiation, expensive, low resolution
3.1.2 Diagnostic Imaging
Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI)
- MORE DETAILED
- Powerful magnets line up your bodies’ protons and radio waves are applied
- Structural examination of bones, joints, soft tissues and organs
- Prons: 3d images & high resolution
- Cons: slow, expensive, noisy
3.1.2 Diagnostic Imaging
Positron emission tomography (PET scan)
- Takes special dye containing radioactive tracers & scanner detects tracers
- Functional examption of joints, soft tissues, and organs
- Pros: checks function at cellular level
- Cons: uses radiation, expensive
3.1.2 Diagnostic Imaging
Bone Scan
- Radioactive tracer is injected into patient
- Images are taken with a special camera
- Structual & Functional ecamination bone metabolism
- Pros: less expensive, very specific
- Cons: uses radioactive materials, 2d images
3.1.2 Diagnostic Imaging
What is radiologist?
Physician intrepets, analyzes and presents the results of the procedue of diagnostic imaging
3.1.2 Diagnostic Imaging
What is radiographer?
Technician that performs the actual diagnostic imagine procedure
3.1.3 When Cells Lose Control
What is the definition of cancer and its connection to the cell cycle?
- Cell Cycle: cell divide in order grow and repair themselves
- Stages: G1, G2, S, Mitosis
- Checkpoints: G1, S, and Mitosis
- Cancer is uncontrollable division of cells through mutations and apoptosis doesn’t happen
3.1.3 When Cells Lose Control
What is the difference between benign and malignant tumors? What is Metastic?
- Benign: if tumor had no effect on surrounding tissue; NONcancerous
- Malignant: if tumor invades surrounding tissue; CANCEROUS
- Metastic: via the bloodstream, individual cell breaks away and starts a tumor elsewhere; CANCEROUS
3.1.3 When Cells Lose Control
What are the four types of cancer?
- Carcinoma: epithelial tissue
- Sracoma: connective & muscle tissues
- Lymphoma: lymph nodes, immune system tissues
- Leukemia: blood & blood forming parts of bone
3.1.3 When Cells Lose Control
What are the three things associated with cancer?
- Proto-oncogenes
- Tumor suppressor genes
- DNA repair genes
3.1.3 When Cells Lose Control
What is the role proto-oncogenes and how are they related to oncogenes?
- Proto-oncogenes: produce regulatory components that promote cell growth and dividion when appropriate
- Oncogenes: Mutated proto-oncogenes, causes cell groeth signaling pathway to be hyperactive
- Mutation increasses the speed of cell division
3.1.3 When Cells Lose Control
What is the role of tumor supressor genes and p53?
- TSG’s (ex: p53): produces regulatory proteins that supress cell growth and division
- Mutatted TSG’s: causes growth-signaling pathways to continue when it shouldn’t
- Mutation causes cells continue to divide uncontrollably
3.1.3 When Cells Lose Control
What do DNA repair genes do?
- Codes for proteins that fix mutations
- When mutated, a cell with mutations continue to grow and divide
3.1.3 When Cells Lose Control
Ordered Steps for Malignant tumor
- Normal Cell
- DNA Damage
- Inactivation of DNA Repair Genes
- Mutation in cell genes
- Activation of ONCOGENES, Inactivation of genes for apoptosis, Inactivation of Tumor suppressor genes
- Unregulated cell growth and differentiation
- Malignanat neoplasm (tumor)
3.1.3 When Cells Lose Control
Types of Cancer and Detection Strategy
- Cervial Cancer - Pap smear
- Breast Cancer - Mammogram
- Prostate Cancer - Prostate Specific Antigen Test
- Colon Cancer - Fecal Occult Blood Test, colonscopy
3.1.3 When Cells Lose Control
What is a biopsy?
- Surgical removal of tissue
- Tissue is examined for specific characteristics
3.1.3 When Cells Lose Control
What are some differences between healthy and cancer cells?
Healthy
* regulated cell divsion
* maintain contact inhibition
* ability to do apoptosis
* areobic, make energy via cellular respiration
Cancer
* uncontolled cell division
* lose contact inhibition
* cant apoptosis
* anaerobic, make energy via fermentation
3.1.3 When Cells Lose Control
What is the difference between hyperplasia and dysplasia?
- Hyperplasia: a sudden increase in the number of cells in an organ or tissue
- Dysplasia: cells look abnormal under microscope but is not cancer
3.1.3 When Cells Lose Control
How is the grade of a tumor determined?
- Indication of its appearance/morophology, and organization
- The higher the grade, the less responsive the cell would be to treatement
3.1.4 DNA Microarray
What is a DNA Microarray and what is it used for in relation to cancer?
- Measures amoung of mRNA for a gene present in a cell
- Compares genetic expression profiles of two different cell types
- Analyzes which genes in cancer cells are acting abnormally to figure what type of cancer it is
- Gene expression is determined by production of mRNA
Probes: genes on a single strand of DNA
3.1.4 DNA Microarray
What is Genomics?
A method to study thousands of genes simulataneously/all at once
