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PLTW MI > Unit 3.1: Detecting Cancer > Flashcards

Unit 3.1: Detecting Cancer Flashcards

1
Q

3.1.1 Who is Affected By Cancer

What are some risk factors of that increase the risk of cancer?

A
  • Smoking
  • Alcohol Consumption
  • Sun Exposure
  • Diet
  • Family History
  • Exposure to carciogenic chemicals
  • Age
  • Diseases/pathogens
  • Genetic Mutations
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2
Q

3.1.1 Who is Affected By Cancer

What are some options for treating cancer?

A
  • Chemotherapy
  • Radiation
  • Surgery
  • Stem cell/bone marrow transplants
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3
Q

3.1.2 Diagnostic Imaging

X-Ray

A
  • Concentrated beam of radiation is sent to a specific region of the body
  • Used for structural examination of bones and joints
  • Pros: simple, fast, low cost
  • Cons: uses radiation, produced 2d images
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4
Q

3.1.2 Diagnostic Imaging

Computed Tomogrpahy (CT scan)

A
  • USE XRAY
  • Concentrated beam of radiation is sent to a speciffc region of body via a rotating device
  • Structural examination of bones, joints, soft tissues, organs
  • Pros: 3d images and is quick
  • Cons: uses radiation, expensive, low resolution
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5
Q

3.1.2 Diagnostic Imaging

Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI)

A
  • MORE DETAILED
  • Powerful magnets line up your bodies’ protons and radio waves are applied
  • Structural examination of bones, joints, soft tissues and organs
  • Prons: 3d images & high resolution
  • Cons: slow, expensive, noisy
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6
Q

3.1.2 Diagnostic Imaging

Positron emission tomography (PET scan)

A
  • Takes special dye containing radioactive tracers & scanner detects tracers
  • Functional examption of joints, soft tissues, and organs
  • Pros: checks function at cellular level
  • Cons: uses radiation, expensive
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7
Q

3.1.2 Diagnostic Imaging

Bone Scan

A
  • Radioactive tracer is injected into patient
  • Images are taken with a special camera
  • Structual & Functional ecamination bone metabolism
  • Pros: less expensive, very specific
  • Cons: uses radioactive materials, 2d images
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8
Q

3.1.2 Diagnostic Imaging

What is radiologist?

A

Physician intrepets, analyzes and presents the results of the procedue of diagnostic imaging

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9
Q

3.1.2 Diagnostic Imaging

What is radiographer?

A

Technician that performs the actual diagnostic imagine procedure

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10
Q

3.1.3 When Cells Lose Control

What is the definition of cancer and its connection to the cell cycle?

A
  • Cell Cycle: cell divide in order grow and repair themselves
  • Stages: G1, G2, S, Mitosis
  • Checkpoints: G1, S, and Mitosis
  • Cancer is uncontrollable division of cells through mutations and apoptosis doesn’t happen
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11
Q

3.1.3 When Cells Lose Control

What is the difference between benign and malignant tumors? What is Metastic?

A
  • Benign: if tumor had no effect on surrounding tissue; NONcancerous
  • Malignant: if tumor invades surrounding tissue; CANCEROUS
  • Metastic: via the bloodstream, individual cell breaks away and starts a tumor elsewhere; CANCEROUS
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12
Q

3.1.3 When Cells Lose Control

What are the four types of cancer?

A
  1. Carcinoma: epithelial tissue
  2. Sracoma: connective & muscle tissues
  3. Lymphoma: lymph nodes, immune system tissues
  4. Leukemia: blood & blood forming parts of bone
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13
Q

3.1.3 When Cells Lose Control

What are the three things associated with cancer?

A
  1. Proto-oncogenes
  2. Tumor suppressor genes
  3. DNA repair genes
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14
Q

3.1.3 When Cells Lose Control

What is the role proto-oncogenes and how are they related to oncogenes?

A
  • Proto-oncogenes: produce regulatory components that promote cell growth and dividion when appropriate
  • Oncogenes: Mutated proto-oncogenes, causes cell groeth signaling pathway to be hyperactive
  • Mutation increasses the speed of cell division
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15
Q

3.1.3 When Cells Lose Control

What is the role of tumor supressor genes and p53?

A
  • TSG’s (ex: p53): produces regulatory proteins that supress cell growth and division
  • Mutatted TSG’s: causes growth-signaling pathways to continue when it shouldn’t
  • Mutation causes cells continue to divide uncontrollably
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16
Q

3.1.3 When Cells Lose Control

What do DNA repair genes do?

A
  • Codes for proteins that fix mutations
  • When mutated, a cell with mutations continue to grow and divide
17
Q

3.1.3 When Cells Lose Control

Ordered Steps for Malignant tumor

A
  1. Normal Cell
  2. DNA Damage
  3. Inactivation of DNA Repair Genes
  4. Mutation in cell genes
  5. Activation of ONCOGENES, Inactivation of genes for apoptosis, Inactivation of Tumor suppressor genes
  6. Unregulated cell growth and differentiation
  7. Malignanat neoplasm (tumor)
18
Q

3.1.3 When Cells Lose Control

Types of Cancer and Detection Strategy

A
  1. Cervial Cancer - Pap smear
  2. Breast Cancer - Mammogram
  3. Prostate Cancer - Prostate Specific Antigen Test
  4. Colon Cancer - Fecal Occult Blood Test, colonscopy
19
Q

3.1.3 When Cells Lose Control

What is a biopsy?

A
  • Surgical removal of tissue
  • Tissue is examined for specific characteristics
20
Q

3.1.3 When Cells Lose Control

What are some differences between healthy and cancer cells?

A

Healthy
* regulated cell divsion
* maintain contact inhibition
* ability to do apoptosis
* areobic, make energy via cellular respiration
Cancer
* uncontolled cell division
* lose contact inhibition
* cant apoptosis
* anaerobic, make energy via fermentation

21
Q

3.1.3 When Cells Lose Control

What is the difference between hyperplasia and dysplasia?

A
  • Hyperplasia: a sudden increase in the number of cells in an organ or tissue
  • Dysplasia: cells look abnormal under microscope but is not cancer
22
Q

3.1.3 When Cells Lose Control

How is the grade of a tumor determined?

A
  • Indication of its appearance/morophology, and organization
  • The higher the grade, the less responsive the cell would be to treatement
23
Q

3.1.4 DNA Microarray

What is a DNA Microarray and what is it used for in relation to cancer?

A
  • Measures amoung of mRNA for a gene present in a cell
  • Compares genetic expression profiles of two different cell types
  • Analyzes which genes in cancer cells are acting abnormally to figure what type of cancer it is
  • Gene expression is determined by production of mRNA

Probes: genes on a single strand of DNA

24
Q

3.1.4 DNA Microarray

What is Genomics?

A

A method to study thousands of genes simulataneously/all at once

25
Q

3.1.4 DNA Microarray

Steps to Microarray

A
  1. Collect tissue
  2. Isolate RNA (dissolve in a mixture of organic solvents & mix in vortex)
  3. RNA is on top of the solution and DNA is on the bottom
  4. Isolate mRNA
  5. Make labeled DNA copy (add labeling mix to RNA samples to ultimately degrade RNA in those samples)
  6. cDNA hyberdizes to complementary DNA in microarray
  7. Analyze microarray
26
Q

3.1.4 DNA Microarray

What are the three things that the labeling mix contain?

A
  1. Poly-T Primers: bind to poly-A tails in mRNA
  2. Reverse Transciptase: enzyme that will make a strand of complementary DNA (degrades RNA)
  3. Labeled Nuceleotides: incorporated into new cDNA molecule
27
Q

3.1.4 DNA Microarray

What do the colors on a microarray represent?

A

Red: incresed gene expression in cancer cells; upregulated
Green: decresed gene expression in cancer cells; downregulated
Yellow: equal gene expression in both cancerous and healthy cells
Black: no gene expression in either sets of cells

28
Q

3.1.4 DNA Microarray

What are the 5 gene names and what are their roles?

A
  1. Human Carcinoembryonic antigen: promotes cell division; protooncogene - oncogene
  2. Surfactant Protein B: Assists with breathing
  3. p53 Tumor Suppressor: prevents tumor growth
  4. Sex-determining region Y: initiates male sex determination
  5. Cytochrome p540: metabolizes polycyclic aromatic hyrdrocarbons
29
Q

3.1.5 Unlocking Secrets In Our Own Genes

What is the difference between expression ratios and transforming ratios?

A
  1. Expression Ratios: quantifies microarray results
  2. Transforming ratios: normatlizes & interpretes microarray results
30
Q

3.1.5 Unlocking Secrets In Our Own Genes

What is the Pearson Correlation Coefficient?

A

Used to compare different sets of data to determine their relationship
* += gene expression profiles behave similarly
* - = gene expression profiles behave oppositely
* 1= gene expression profiles are identical
* 0= gene expression behavior is unrelated

31
Q

3.1.5 Unlocking Secrets In Our Own Genes

What is a hierarchical clustering and how is it related to a dendogram?

A

Hierarchical clustering visually presents PCC data to show relationships via dendorgam

PLTW MI (6 decks)

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