Unit 3.2 Provisions for Public Health Flashcards

Question

Successes of vaccines?

Answer 1

-Over 100 leading doctors supported his research -Parliament gave him £30,000 to establish a clinic in London -1840 - Vaccination offered free of charge in vaccination act -1858 - Parents were fined £l if they did not vaccinate their children with money going towards the poor rate -1871 - Local Boards of Health had vaccination officers - Imposed fines and imprisonments for parents - compulsory in vaccination act -It was made difficult to get life insurance, rent a room or get a job without a vaccination certificate. -By the 1890s, death rates to smallpox continued to fall.

Answer 2

-Jenner could not explain how his theories worked -The Royal Society refused to publish his findings -1840 - Vaccine was offered by Poor Law medical officer and was permissive in vaccination act 1840 -1858 - Compulsory vaccines were haphazard. -1870-1873 - Epidemic killed 44,000 people. -The 'Leicester method' (quarantine) grew in popularity. -By 1898, over 200,000 vaccination exemption certificates had been issued. -Anti Vaccination movements emerged esp. Leicester where those infected with small pox were quarantined instead or bedding was brunt

Answer 3

-Although he published his findings in 1798, lots of people didn’t accept that his method worked: -He couldn’t say why it worked. -Many doctors made lots of money from inoculations. -William Woodville tested it out and a patient died because they didn’t clean the equipment correctly, but this convinced people that Jenner was wrong. -He was a doctor from the countryside and city doctors looked down on his achievements. -Priests taught that using animal diseases to treat people was against the will of God. -The leading scientific authority (The Royal Society) refused to print his work due to insufficient evidence

Answer 4

-when some members of the royal family were vaccinated the government gave him £10,000 to continue his research. -In 1853 it became so popular that the British government made the smallpox vaccination compulsory.

Answer 5

-smallpox vaccination saved many lives -It quickly became popular in other countries and it is estimated that by 1800, 100,000 people around the world had been vaccinated -For example, The French commander Napoleon had his entire army vaccinated in 1805 -In 1803 it was used widely in the USA - President Thomas Jefferson even wrote a thank you note to Jenner

Answer 6

-By the end of the 19th century, vaccination against smallpox had been ‘normal’ in people’s lives -The statistics proved that the vaccination worked -Deaths fell dramatically after 1871 when the government began made vaccination compulsory -In 1979, the World Health Organisation announced that the disease had completely gone -Jenner’s work also inspired others like Pasteur and Koch (germ theory) to search for other vaccinations for other diseases

Answer 7

1. John Simon 2. Dr William Henry Duncan

Answer 8

-First London Medical Officer - appointed 1848 -Called for action to provide sanitary disposal and drainage -Called for the improved standards of housing -Called for improvement of water supply -He was one of the first people to consider public health as the responsibility of the government and make it more public -Influential in brining about the 1866 Sanitary Act and 1875 PHA -He produced rents on relation of cholera to London water supply in 1856, vaccinations in 1857 and the sanitary state of poeple in England in 1858 -President of pathological society of London in 1867 to 1860 -President of Royal Society 1879-80 -Received 2 medals for his work -Emphasised the importance of scientific knowledge and investigation to find causes of disease

Answer 9

-Liverpool Medical Officer (Britain’s first) - appointed 1847 -Challenged that it was the fault of the poor alone that they became ill -Viewed social poverty as a cause not individuals -Looked at improving sanitation and housing to help the situations of the poor -1840 - submitted rpeorts like the Report on the Sanitary State of the labouring classes in Liverpool to Edwin Chadwick’s poor law commission -Highlighted impoerfect ventilation, wanted somewhere to impose of animal refuse, imperfect sewerage, imperfect cleansing -Held lectures on the physical causes of high rate mortality in Liverpool with a published pamphlet - inspired counci to pass the Liverpool sanitary act 1846 which laid minimum standards for construction of dwellings -Help solve the crisis of overpopulation in Liverpool due to Irish famine which led to Irish famine fever making it hard to distinguish between typhus and typhoid - 1847 - 250,000

Answer 10

-TB is a disease caused by bacteria that are spread through air from animal to person or person to person -The symptoms of TB are: coughing up blood, fever, chest pain, chills, and fatigue. If not treated properly, TB can be fatal. -TB was by far the biggest 19th century killer, perhaps accounting for one-third of all the deaths from disease -in the years to 1919, TB killed more people each year than smallpox, scarlet fever, whooping cough and typhus put together

Answer 11

-it was sometimes confused with other diseases such as lung cancer and chronic bronchitis -Although the turbercule bacillius had been isolated in 1882, the appropriate antibiotic and chemotherapeutic cures had to wait until after the WWII -In the years to 1939, the most effective ‘cure’ was fresh air, sunlight, good food and rest -Surgery for glands, bones and joints affected by TB was uncommon and, for example in 1910, accounted for one-sixth of all surgical operation

Answer 12

-TB was the most prevalent among working class -Due to poor accommodation -Slums, poor housing, no good food, poor ventilation allowed for TB to spread more quickly since it was respiratory

Answer 13

-In 1911, 84 sanatoria (place for medical treatment for chronic diseases) opened in the country providing 8000 beds; by 1930 this had risen to 500 sanatoria providing 25,000 beds. -In 1922 the central government's Ministry of Health ordered the pasteursation of all milk, thus preventing the spread of TB from cattle to humans. -In 1934, an Act was passed empowering local authonties to give out free pasteurised milk to schoolchildren. By 1937, school milk was being provided for 3. 2million children for free.

Answer 14

-Ultimately, Local medical officers of health were often responsible for these reforms. -In Oldham, leaflets were distributed stressing that TB was highly infectious. It forbade spitting in public places and by sufferers. railway carnages and advised the burning of handkerchiers -In Brighton, people were urged to only spit in bowls provided for that purpose.

Answer 15

-Light -Window open - ventilation -Took people out of slums into the countryside to isolate -Very clean -Performed operations pre antibiotics -Stannington Sanatorium in Northumberland was the first purpose-built children's TB sanatorium in the country and over the decades treated some 11,000 youngsters Mainly kids helped

Answer 16

-1900 - 14% of infants died before they were 1 - reason behind public health reforms -Boer war - revealed poor health of the nation -High infant mortality rates -Factory working children - chimney sweeps - industrial diseases spread - respiratory problems

Answer 17

1. Education Act 1906 2. Education Act 1907 3. Children and Young Persons Act 1908

Answer 18

-allowed local authorities to use public money to provide free school meals for the children of parents-in-need -significant step for public health: children were portrayed as the responsibility of the state and not just their parents -the attitudes of people to supporting those ‘in need’ remained hostile - people didnt want to be seen as paupers

Answer 19

-set up a school medical inspection service and, subsequently, a treatment service -Grants became available for local authorities to establish school clinics and school nurses -Local authorities were encouraged to make their local medical officer of health and their school medical officers the same person -In the early 20th, the school medical service expanded considerably -By 1935, there were 2,300 doctors and 5,300 nurses involved in school medical care -some authorities ignored the conditions of the Act

Answer 20

-bought about after serious lobbying by the NSPCC -The Act made it legal to prosecute parents for neglect or cruelty -Children’s homes were subject to inspection -Pubs were forbidden to let children under 14 inside -Shopkeepers were forbidden to sell cigarettes to under 16s -Juvenile courts were set up to separate child and adult offenders -This Act represented a radically new relationship between the state, parents and children -Children started to have their own ‘rights’.

Answer 21

1870s -Free meals for undernourished children in Manchester by some charities 1890s -Poverty was problematised -Rowntree and Booth provided statistics showing that 30% of London and York lived below poverty line 1900s -Boer War showed that a third of volunteers were turned away based on health -Interdepartmental committee on physical deterioration recommended compulsory domestic science teaching for girls and free school meals - taken on board by Bradford city council

Answer 22

1906 -Act passed enabling rates to provide free school meals for those unable by lack of food to take advantage of eduction 1912 -Sample dinner at school was fish and potato pie with peas and parsley sauce with rice pudding 1914 -Began to understood nutrition led to malnutrition

Answer 23

1940s -Lord Woolton minister of food - declared children in state school should be as well fed as those at Eton - 75% take up of school meals -Ministry of Works collabs Board of Education 1968 -70% of kids were fed at school of women 12% 1980 -Tories wanted to cut costs so abolished nutritional standards 1990s -Tory cuts did huge damage - this became obvious

Answer 24

Physical examinations were tests for free school meals

Answer 25

1. John Snow 2. Joseph Bazalgette 3. Edward Jenner 4. Edwin Chadwick 5. Marie Stopes

Answer 26

-1831 - killingworth colliery cholera outbreak was single handedly fought by Snow. -he went against prominent miasma theory that consumed doctors and other medical professionals at that time. -He was retiring at the time he began exploring the idea of cholera being a water borne disease. -Considered one of the 'fathers of modern epidemiology'. -born and raised in York. -English physician. -Leader in development of anaesthesia and medical hygiene.

Answer 27

-1831 - fought the cholera outbreak in killingworth in Newcastle -Suspected that cholera was waterborne but few agreed due to miasma -1853 cholera outbreak made snow a general practitioner in soho to control the disease - suspected it was the broad street pump -Persuaded to lock pump and death rate slowed down due to careful observation and house to house interviews and anecdotal evidence -1854 - said cholera was waterborne

Answer 28

-Led to John Simon (medical officer of health of the city of London) covering 500,000 south Londoners in a study in 1856 - customers of Lambeth water company had a death rate in 1854 cholera epidemic of 3.7% compared with 13% who got their water from Southwark who got their water from an outflowing sewer -14 years before medics accepted cholera as waterborne -1870 - research received universal acclaim

Answer 29

-chief engineer in metropolitan board of works in 1856 -drew up a compressive plan of Londons sewerage where it was channeled through miles of street sewers into larger interecepting sewers which took waste far to the east of London where it would be pumped into the Thames then to the sea -sewer opened in 1865 -ran a project that had royal approval as sewerage system was opened by king Edward the prince of wales in 1865 -sewerage system has been used for centuries -supported because of great stink -only in London

Answer 30

-innovative administrator -passionate attitudes influenced by backgrounds -had legal training -had limited finances -was a sanitary commissioner to the general board of health -wrote essays for publication like in the Westminster review -worked with poor law commission and the initial investigation -recommended reform -was through with seeing his work implemented like supply of clean water to all dwellings -general board of health not well received -wrote a report on sanitary conditions in 1842 -focused on disposal -persuaded the gov using his position - eventually accepted by them

Answer 31

-found the link between family size and poverty as there were more mouths to feed -welfare clinics were not allowed to give advice on birth control -compared to middle and upper classes who had fewer children and could intord private cnics who were allowed to give advice on contraception -believed that size of a family should be limited by the use of effective contraception -sold over 2000 copies in the first publication and 400,000 copies by 1924 -however book aimed at middle class

Answer 32

-Stopes and her husband Roe opened a Mothers Clinic in Holoway in 1821, this free clinio was run by midwives supported by visiting doctors and gave face to face contraceptive advice and taught mothers different methods of contraception -In 1925 clinio moved to a more central Tottenham Court Road and as a result it flourished and Stopes eventuaty built a network of clinics across Britain -by 1829 there were clinics in Leeds, Aberdeen, Beifast and Cardiff -Catholic Church wore opposod to Marie Stopes and her work