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Lilys dental revision > Unit 304 > Flashcards

Unit 304 Flashcards

1
Q

Incisor

A

Shape of a sharp/blade
U1 L1 devloped - Age 7-8
U2 L2 developed - Age 7-10
Loss of incisor can affect speech
1 root
Biting

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2
Q

Canine

A

Strong pointed shape - U3 L3
Tears food
Develops around 9-14 years old
Guides jaw into correct alignment
1 root

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3
Q

1st pre molar

A

Shares features of both canines and molars
develop age 9-13 years old
U4 - 2 ROOTS
L4 - 1 ROOT
Chewing
Upper and lower cusps - 2

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4
Q

2nd pre molar

A

shares features of both canines and molars
develop age 10-14 years old
1 root
U5 L5
Chewing
Upper and lower cusps - 2

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5
Q

1ST molar

A

Chewing
Develop age 5-8 years old
Upper cusps 4-5, lower cusps 5
U6 - 3 ROOTS
L6 - 2 ROOTS

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6
Q

2nd molar

A

develop 10-14 years old
Chewing
Upper and lower cusps = 4
U7 - 3 ROOTS
L7 - 2 ROOTS

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7
Q

3RD molar

A

develop age 17-24 years
roots and cusps are varied for each individual
Wisdom tooth - U8, L8

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8
Q

Enamel

A

Thin layer that protects the tooth, this is strengthened from how the hydroxyapatite is arranged.
Enamel can chip and crack, erode due to sugars/acids that cant be repaired.

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9
Q

Amelodentinal Junction

A

boundary between the enamel and the underlying dentin

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10
Q

primary dentin

A

forms before eruption
most prominent form of dentin
located between the enamel and pulp chamber

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11
Q

secondary dentin

A

forms after eruption
develops from odontoblasts living within the pulp .

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12
Q

Tertiary dentin

A

created because of tooth decay presence or wear.

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13
Q

Odontoblasts

A

located in the most outer layer of the dental pulp.
They form a natural barrier between mineralised tissues, dentin, soft tissues, dental pulp of tooth.
Recognise caries first.

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14
Q

Pulp

A

Made of unmineralised oral tissue composed of soft connective tissue, vascular, lymphatic, and nervous elements.
Based in the Centre of the tooth, beneath the last layer of dentin.

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15
Q

Pulp chamber

A

Located beneath the dentin layer .
Pulp connects nerves and blood vessels
Hollowed out space in the crown of your tooth

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16
Q

Pulp/root canal

A

contains all blood vessels, nerves and connective tissue.
Pulp extends to the crown of the tooth to the beginning of the roots, where it will connect all the tissues surrounding the root.

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17
Q

Apical foramen

A

a very small opening hole at the beginning of the root.
the blood vessels and nerves use the foramen to pass through the tooth.

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18
Q

Cementum

A

Thin layer of hard dental tissue that covers the anatomic roots of teeth e.g. the pulp root canal and apical foramen, and anchors the periodontal ligament to the tooth.
Formed by “cement oblasts”

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19
Q

periodontal ligament

A

connective tissue that connects both the tooth with the socket between the inner wall of the alveolar socket and the roots of the teeth.
Collagen bands

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20
Q

Gingival crevice

A

slight ridge in your mouth where your teeth meet your gums.

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21
Q

Furcation

A

Where the roots divide.
This is only presented on multi-rooted teeth
refers to bone loss

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22
Q

Hard palate

A

Front, boney area of the roof of the mouth
- 2 facial bones
- 4 cranial bones
maxilla and palatine

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23
Q

soft palate

A

back of the roof of the mouth and stops at the Uvula
made up of multiple muscles and tissues - that play a role in breathing, swallowing and phonation.

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24
Q

Rugae

A

resembles the roof of the mouth - crease/wrinkles.
positioned behind the upper front teeth
Smokers - rugae can turn pale grey colour and patient may complain of burning/irritation on their palate

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25
Q

Tuberosity

A

Located at the lower part of the infratemporal surface of the maxilla - rounded eminence.
Tends to appear more prominent when the wisdom tooth comes through.
rough on lateral side to help with speech

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26
Q

Cleft palate

A

located in the roof of the mouth
can sometimes not develop correctly in the womb - tissue does not stick together

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27
Q

Tongue

A

Muscular organ, covered with pink tissue called mucosa
rough bumps are called papillae - thousands of taste buds
2 parts - oral at the first and pharyngeal at the back, it is separated due to the lingual septum.

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28
Q

Lamina Dura/ Compact bone

A

Compact bone lies close to the periodontal ligament
lamina dura surrounds the tooth socket appears as a hard thin layer of bone (white) - cribriform plate

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29
Q

Spongy/cancellous bone

A

light porous bone that encloses numerous large spaces that are presented in a honey comb/spongy appearance.

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30
Q

oral mucosa

A

mucosa membrane lining or skin that is inside of the mouth, cheeks and lips.

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31
Q

philtrum

A

vertical indentation that is in the middle area of the upper lip, extends from nasal septum to the tubercle of the upper lip.

32
Q

Lingual Frenum

A

located between the base of the tongue and the floor of the mouth, come in different sizes and can sometimes restrict the use of tongue.

33
Q

Labial Frenum

A

connects the lip to the gum and is located between the upper and lower front teeth, can be sometimes to wide/long and creates a gap between upper central incisors.

34
Q

Temporal bone

A

Base of the skull
Protects the temporal lobe of the brain, the 12 cranial nerves and the middle/inner ear (hearing organs)

35
Q

Zygomatic Arch

A

Protect the eye, origin masseter and part of the temporal muscles.
Forms the ventral and lateral rim of the orbit.

36
Q

Maxillary air sinus

A

Largest paranasal sinus
1/4 paranasal sinuses, sinuses located near the nose.
Shaped like a pyramid and contain 3 cavities:
sideways, inwards and downwards.
Reduce the skull weight and produce mucus and affect the tone of someone’s voice.

37
Q

Oropharynx

A

Middle section of the throat that connects to the mouth.
Allows food, fluid and air to pass through.
Respiratory system and digestive.

38
Q

Coronoid process

A

vertical height of the face and provides support required for mastication.
Prevents posterior dislocation

39
Q

Ramus

A

Branch of blood vessels or nerves

40
Q

Body of the mandible

A

located inferior to the maxilla, is composed of the body and the ramus

41
Q

Temporomandibular Joint TMJ

A

Formed by the articulation of the mandible and the temporal bone of the cranium.
Located from the tragus of the ear on the lateral aspect of the face.

42
Q

3 main joint movements:

A
  1. Depression - open mouth
  2. Mechanism - Gliding movement
  3. Lateral / side to side - movement in chewing or grinding
43
Q

TMJ Dysfunctions - Trismus

A

Lock Jaw
Limited mobility of the jaw

44
Q

TMJ Dysfunctions - Clicking

A

Jaw noise - when opening and chewing
cartilage disc moves out of its normal position

45
Q

TMJ Dysfunctions - Crepitus

A

Grating and grinding noise caused by the jaw.
Advanced TMJ damage

46
Q

Where is saliva produced and what is it made of?

A

Salivary glands
Multiple electrolytes, sodium, potassium, calcium, magnesium, bicarbonate, phosphates.

47
Q

what does saliva pick up when circling the oral cavity?

A

food debris, white blood cells and bacterial cells

48
Q

Salivary glands - Ageing

A

reduced salivation leads to issues regarding dry mouth, more common in older people.
Increase in age - number of acini reduces and the amount of fatty and fibrous tissue increases.

49
Q

Salivary glands - Mumps

A

Viral infection.
Swelling of one or both glands
Requires attention from medical professionals

50
Q

Salivary glands - Mucocele

A

Gathering of saliva outside of the salivary gland - rupture of the salivary duct. Tissues swell due to the rupture, tissues that swell tend to be under the tongue, back of the throat, around the eye.

51
Q

Salivary stone

A

Small rocks made up of calcium and other minerals.
Pain tends to occur when a stone completely blocks a duct, the saliva cant be passed into your mouth.

52
Q

Why is it important to gain valid consent?

A

Legal principle to gain consent to any treatment/speaking to a patient.
All options and costs should be discussed.
Patients should sign a treatment estimate form prior to treatment to consent.
Risks and outcomes

53
Q

Mental capacity legislation

A

To be valid to consent a patient must have full capacity to understand the situation. - clear understanding
If a patient is unable to do so they will bring someone along, parent, career to consent for them.

54
Q

Patients with additional needs

A

Severe mental health conditions e.g. bipolar, dementia or disabilities do not consent to their own treatments.
Consent from another can either be written, spoken or implied
The practice must know who the person is that is signing for the patient.
The dentist can sign for them if no one is able to.

55
Q

Gillick consent

A

Consent relating to children under 16, if the child is competent enough to consent for themselves they can do so.
The aim is to bring children into adulthood.

56
Q

Montgomery patient centered approach to consent

A

Focus lies with the patient and their viewpoint.
Warn patients of risk

57
Q

Treatment planning and costs

A

Maintaining valid consent.
All treatment and costs must be discussed with the patient.
Consent must remain valid throughout.

58
Q

Information governance

A

how to manage and share information safely and securely.
reduces the level of risk date breaches and other security incidents.

59
Q

what is information governance implemented with?

A
  1. My practice
  2. GDPR
  3. Internal policies
  4. Safegaurding
60
Q

Acute Abscess

A

Caused by an infection of the root canal of the tooth.
Toothache, headache, sensitivity, bad taste, swollen jaw/face
Access the nerve, drain abscess, XLA, antibiotics

61
Q

Denture stomatitis

A

Fungus candida - causes oral thrush
pain when swallowing, soreness in mouth, white/red patcheson tongue, gums, lips, inner cheek, roof mouth.
Topical therapy - clotrimazole or nystatin
Denture should be removed

62
Q

Angular Cheilitis

A

Skin condition that affects the corners of your mouth, develops painful and cracked sores ; bleeding, blisters, swelling, redness.
Skin ointments that contain topical e.g. myostatin.

63
Q

Traumatic ulcer

A

small shallow lesions that develop on the soft tissues in your mouth.
Burning sensations, ulcers that are white grey yellow with a red outline.
Need to be treated with tetracycline
Non contagious

64
Q

fissured tongue

A

Benign condition, many deep/shallow grooves or fissures on the back surface of the tongue.
red patches dotted around, changes in location, discomfort/burning,
Patients are encouraged to brush the top surface of the tongue to remove any debris that might cause infection.

65
Q

glossitis

A

Problems when chewing, swallowing, or speaking
surface of the tongue is sore, and can be red or pale with swelling.
Good oral hygiene and antibiotics.

66
Q

Frictional Keratosis

A

No symptoms other than those who bite their cheeks this can cause trauma leading to swelling, burning and pain of the tissue.
Constant rubbing, chewing, sucking of the oral mucosa against teeth.
Removing the friction by correcting restorations or dentures.

67
Q

Pregnancy Epulis

A

Benign tumour that is harmless.
Gum inflammation, swelling and bleeding.
Any treatment should be postponed til after birth.

68
Q

Herpes Simplex - cold sores

A

Located on the inside of the mouth, can cause damage to the soft tissue of the gums.
Appointments should be re-arranged and cancelled due to the aerolisation - nurse and dentist are vulnerable for infection.

69
Q

Diabetes

A

Increased blood glucose levels = dry mouth due to medication (steroids).
Lead to plaque build up, decay, cavities.
Patients should be seen to around the time of their diabetes check with GP as the gums can take a while to heal if deep cleaned.

70
Q

Epilepsy

A

Higher risk of bleeding gums, dry mouth, inflammation of soft tissues, possible caries and gum disease.
Adrenaline free LA

71
Q

Pregnancy

A

Increase of hormones progesterone and oestrogen, can temporarily loosen the tissues and bones that keep your teeth in place.
No x-rays
Be careful when reclining the chair for someone who is heavily pregnant.
Regular cleans
Treatment e.g. fills should be left til after birth.
3-6 month check ups.

72
Q

Bleeding disorders

A

Haemophilia A - someone who cannot form a proper blood clot
Can cause poor oral health, plaque must be removed to prevent periodontal disease and caries.
Gingival bleeding
XLA & SCALES cause bleeding patient should be checked prior treatment by their hematologist to confirm the treatment is okay to do so.

73
Q

Osteoporosis

A

Caused from aging, menopause, lack of nutrients - leads to gingivitis and periodontal disease - loss of teeth.
It also has a negative impact on the jawbone that supports the teeth
Dentures tend to not fit correctly due to bone density - oral surgery referral is usually done.

74
Q

Cancer

A

Chemotherapy and radiation affect the oral tissues, can cause a disruption in a healthy balance of bacteria by affecting the saliva being produced - tooth decay and infections.
3 month check ups
Dry mouth - prescribed fluoride toothpaste

75
Q

who would be a patient viewed as high risk?

A

Patient with poor OH
Periodontal disease
Several restorations
Medications
3 month recall

76
Q

who would be a patient viewed as low risk?

A

Not many fillings
controlled gum health
medically fit and well
6 month recall

77
Q

Reason for the recall system?

A

To check on the patients wellbeing, general health and preventative habits.

Lilys dental revision (4 decks)

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