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Lilys dental revision > Unit 303 > Flashcards

Unit 303 Flashcards

1
Q

Bacteria

A

Single cell micro-organism
rigid outer walls - determine their shape
Inactive spores

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2
Q

3 groups of bacteria

A

Cocci - circular
Clusters = Staphylococci
Chains = Streptococci

Bacilli - Rod shaped with pointed ends.
rounded ends = lactobacilli

Spirochaetes = spiral shaped (helix)

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3
Q

How is bacteria destroyed in a dental setting?

A

Sterilisation
Single use items

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4
Q

Viruses

A

Smaller than bacteria
Non cellular infectious agent that replicates inside of a host cell.
The body cells react against the protein capsule = Immune response.

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5
Q

Viral diseases caused by the virus multiplying:

A

Flu
Cold
Covid
AIDS

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6
Q

Fungi

A

Large amount of multicellular eukaryotic organisms.
Plant organism that grows across cells and tissue as a network of fungal tissue.
Contain: nucleus, organelles, cell walls.

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7
Q

Dental fungal infection is caused by?

A

Candida Albicans

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8
Q

Examples of dental fungal infections:

A

Acute oral candidosis = ORAL THRUSH (caused by a disruption of oral bacteria possibly from antibiotics).
Chronic oral candidosis - denture stomatitis (poor hygiene and moisture levels beneath the palate).
Angular Cheilitis - Candida infection, angles of the mouth can appear inflamed/dry cracked skin.

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9
Q

Micro-organism

A

Microscopic living organisms

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10
Q

Pathogen

A

Capability of producing disease

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11
Q

Non - pathogen

A

Cannot cause illness or disease

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12
Q

4 types of pathogens:

A

Bacteria
Virus
Fungi
Prions

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13
Q

Prions

A

Proteinaceous infectious particles.
Very rare and difficult to transmit, however the diseases the micro-organism produces have no cure and develop gradually.

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14
Q

3 types of prion diseases:

A

Acquired prion disease
Genetic Prion disease
Sporadic Prion disease

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15
Q

Chain of infection

A
  1. Infectious agent such as a pathogen e.g. Virus
  2. Reservoir - where the pathogen lives and is able to spread disease e.g. object, person, animal.
  3. Portal of exit - pathogen leaves the reservoir transmitted through particles i.e. someone had a cough.
  4. Mode of transmission - how the pathogen is transmitted from one person to another e.g. cold saliva particles (droplets), touch of objects.
  5. Portal of entry - How the pathogen enters another persons system - being breathed in, open wound, airway tube.
  6. Susceptible host - The person who is know vulnerable to infection.
    Chain of infection is only broke due to hand hygiene, PPE, disposal of waste correctly.
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16
Q

Routes of transmission in a dental setting:

A

direct contact with blood, saliva, infected materials.
Door handles, chair, desk, leaflets, toilets.
Aerosol generating procedures

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17
Q

How to prevent cross infection in a dental setting?

A

Sodium hypochlorite cleaners
aldehyde based cleaners
Isopropyl alcohol wipes
PPE
Aerosol mask - winex machine

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18
Q

Hepatitis B

A

Infectious disease that affects the liver
chronic and acute infection

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19
Q

Hepatitis C

A

Virus infection
Inflammation of the liver

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20
Q

Human Immunodeficiency Virus

A

Virus
Damages cells in your immune system, and weakens the bodies ability to fight infections and disease.

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21
Q

Herpes Simplex

A

Viral Infection
Genital and oral herpes
e.g. cold sores, blisters

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22
Q

Corona Virus

A

RNA Viruses
Respiratory, gastrointestinal, neurological diseases.

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23
Q

Mumps

A

Viral Infection
Affects the salivary glands, swelling in 1 or both glands.

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24
Q

Human Papilloma Virus

A

Virus
Infect the skin/moist areas = WARTS

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25
Q

Impetigo

A

Highly contagious
Bacterial skin infection
Infants and children

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26
Q

Tuberculosis

A

Contagious Infection
Bacteria affects the lungs, bone, brain and spine.

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27
Q

Meningitis

A

Infection of the meninges
protective tissue of the brain
stiff neck, headache and fever.

28
Q

Influenza

A

Virus
Affects the respiratory tract.

29
Q

Glandular Fever

A

Disease caused by epstein barr virus.
Extreme fatigue, fever, sore throat.

30
Q

Creutzfeldt - Jakob Disease

A

Neurological disorder
dementia-death
RARE

31
Q

Candida Albicans

A

Yeast / fungal organism
Small amounts found in the human intestinal tract.

32
Q

Signs of Inflammation:

A

Heat
Swelling
Pain
Redness
Loss of function

33
Q

Infection

A

Invasion of the body cells by the pathogens resulting in an inflammatory response (Inflammation).

34
Q

3 Dental related infections

A
  1. Dental Caries
  2. Periodontal disease
  3. Herpes Simplex
35
Q

How does the immune system react to inflammation/infection?

A

Immune system - rushes blood to the area, white blood cells are sent to destroy the pathogens causing infection, the temperature will increase due to this, causing swelling. The white blood cells pass out of the capillaries and into the body tissues that contain the infection, to fight the pathogens of by surrounding them and eating them.

36
Q

Local Inflammation

A

Symptomatic responses to an infection/inflammation:
fever, swelling, redness.
Tissue is severely inflamed so it wont be able to preform its physiological function- small infection

37
Q

Systemic Inflammation

A

More than a small infection as the inflammation affects the whole body e.g. surgical complications, burns, immunodefiency, severe injuries.

38
Q

Chronic inflammation

A

Caused by pathogens that the body is unable to break down such as viruses or foreign bodies that remain in the system. The infection will start slowly and take a long amount of time to leave the system.

39
Q

Acute inflammation

A

Immediate response to an infectious pathogen
Form of innate immune defence and is the primary response to infection/injury.
Can last up to a few days or potentionally become chronic.

40
Q

Bodies Response to infection in regards to elderly:

A

The functioning of body cells in older patients are not as efficient, cells and tissues wear out with age and cant be replaced as easily.

41
Q

Bodies Response to infection in regards to Immunocompromised:

A

Underlying illnesses affects the ability of their immune system to fight of pathogens e.g. diabetes, kidney failure, those taking drugs for cancer treatment.

42
Q

Bodies Response to infection in regards to Pregnancy:

A

Low immune system can cause women to become more susceptible to infection, however a slight infection could become major within pregnancy- the baby is at risk of developing health conditions after birth.

43
Q

Oral cancer

A

Malignant tumour that affects the oral soft tissues initially and can spread into underlining tissues if not treated.
Can affect lip, tongue, floor of mouth, gingiva.
Ulcer that hasn’t healed within 3 weeks, red or red and white patch on oral soft tissues, growth of soft tissue producing a LUMP.

44
Q

Cleft palate

A

developmental defect on the palate where the two boney halves join together.

45
Q

ANUG

A

Acute bacterial infection of the gingiva causing ulceration.

46
Q

Asepsis

A

Removal of all pathogens

47
Q

Immunisation

A

Protects our body from serious diseases e.g. Hep B jab

48
Q

HTM 01-05

A

Quality of Decontamination within a workplace.
Single use items, sterilisation of instruments, using bleach based cleaners within the surgery and disinfectant wipes, hand washing.

49
Q

HTM 07-01

A

Waste management and disposal 2006
Correct recycling of clinical waste and normal waste
Yellow Bin - Sharps
Orange - Clinical waste
Waste pots - amalgam and chemicals
These are all collected by a clinical waste company
Black bin - general waste

50
Q

HTM 03-01

A

Ventilation in a health care setting
Provides a list of guidance on all of the legal requirements, design, installation maintenance, in the healthcare premises.
Window, air con, winex, prevents cross contamination.

51
Q

list 3 examples of Practice policies:

A
  1. Ring before 8AM if sick
  2. Do not leave the practice in uniform
    3.Closing down/setting up surgeries correctly.
52
Q

Audit records

A

Completed on a 3, 6 or 12 month basis to ensure all tasks are being carried out correctly.
Mandatory to keep the patients and staff safe.

53
Q

Staff induction policy

A

Induction checklist - record of induction.
The employee will be able to read through all regulations e.g. health and safety.

54
Q

Pressure vessels regulation

A

Max working pressure of the vessel should not go over 30 bar, and the product/capacity of that vessel must not go over 10,000 bar.
Minimum working temp is no less than -50c, and the max is no higher than 300c for vessels that are constructed by steel.
This regulation should be followed in decon.

55
Q

PAT regulations

A

Check electrical appliances and equipment to make sure they are safe to use in surgery. If PAT testing is not done it can lead to serious injuries, death of staff and patients - UNSAFE

56
Q

Cleaning

A

Making areas socially acceptable

57
Q

Disinfection

A

destruction of most micro-organisms NOT spores.

58
Q

Sterilisation

A

destruction of all micro-organisms including spores.

59
Q

N-Type autoclave

A

Non-Vacuum used to sterilise solid items - dental instruments.
Steam is put under 32lbs 2-3 bars of pressure that is held for 3 mins at 134`c.
Full cycle takes 20 mins

60
Q

How to test for sterilisation with a N-type autoclave?

A

TST STRIPS

61
Q

B- Type autoclave

A

Vacuum autoclave
Use steam under pressure to sterilise contaminated instruments, air is sucked out of the chamber which allows the steam to move sideways. Hand pieces and surgical aspirator tips

62
Q

2 Sterilisation tests for the autoclave

A
  1. Bowie dick test
  2. Helix test
63
Q

Industrial sterilisation

A

Gamma radiation
Cold and dry method that destroys all micro-organisms
Not used in surgery due to the high amount of ionising radiation and toxic gas - ethylene chloride
Sterilises single use disposables.

64
Q

Ultrasonic bath

A

Removes debris from instruments by vibrating at an ultrasonic frequency and transmitting the vibration to the instruments on the tray.
use special detergents that are diluted in distilled/reverse osmosis water.

65
Q

washer disinfector

A

similar to a dishwasher machine, makes it safe for hand pieces as well as other items and instruments.

Lilys dental revision (4 decks)

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