Unit 3 World History Vocab

Question 1

scientific theory that has the sun as the center of the universe with the earth rotating around the sun

Answer 1

heliocentric theory

Question 2

philosophers of the Enlightenment

Answer 2

Philosophers

Question 3

French philosopher, mathematician, and scientist; his belief that all things should be doubted until they could be proved by reason became one of the underpinnings of the scientific method

Answer 3

Rene Descartes

Question 4

Austrian Archduchess; she takes the throne after the War of Austrian Succession and is one of the most beloved monarchs in that nation’s history

Answer 4

Maria Theresa

Question 5

a transformation in European thought in the 1500s and 1600s that called for scientific observation, experimentation, and the questioning of traditional opinions

Answer 5

Scientific Revolution

Question 6

King of Spain and Portugal; he led Roman Catholic efforts to recover parts of Europe from Protestantism

Answer 6

Philip II

Question 7

English philosopher and founder of British empiricism; he developed political and economic theories during the Enlightenment. He wrote Two Treatises on Government in which he declared that people have a right to rebel against governments that do not protect their rights

Answer 7

John Locke

Question 8

Czarina of Russia; an absolute monarch who introduced a number of reforms that extended Peter the Great’s “westernization”

Answer 8

Catherine the Great

Question 9

a time of optimism and possibility from the late 1600s to the late 1700s; also called the Age of Reason
Louis XIIl 10.

Answer 9

Enlightenment

Question 10

a relatively weak king of France, he allowed his chief minister to do most of the ruling during his reign

Answer 10

Louis XIV

Question 11

English mathematician and natural philosopher; he discovered the law of gravity as well as laws on the physics of objects

Answer 11

Isaac Newton

Question 12

gatherings in which intellectual and political ideas were exchanged during the Enlightenment

Answer 12

Salons

Question 13

King of Spain and the Holy Roman Emperor; he opposed the Protestant Reformation and kept Spain in a series of wars

Answer 13

Charles V

Question 14

Swiss-French political philosopher; he valued the social contract and addressed the nature of man in his work On the Origin of Inequality

Answer 14

Jean-Jacques Rousseau

Question 15

the period after the fall of Oliver Cromwell’s government where Charles II was placed on the throne of England and the monarchy was restored

Answer 15

Restoration

Question 16

scientific theory that has the earth as the center of the universe with the sun and stars revolving around it

Answer 16

Geocentric Theory

Question 17

King of Prussia; transforms his kingdom into a major military power after a series of wars with its main rival Austria

Answer 17

Frederick the Great

Question 18

a generally non-violent revolution where the English Parliament organized the replacement of King James II with his daughter Mary and William of Orange

Answer 18

Glorious Revolution

Question 19

the absolute monarchs in 18th century Europe who ruled according to the principles of the Enlightenment

Answer 19

Enlightenment despots

Question 20

Lord Protector of England; he led the forces of Parliament in deposing Charles I

Answer 20

Oliver Cromwell

Question 21

Scottish economist; he became the leading advocate of laissez-faire economics and is considered by some to the the “father of modern economics.” He wrote the first true text on economics, The Wealth of Nations, in 1776

Answer 21

Adam Smith

Question 22

given the nickname “the Terrible,” he is the first person to take the Russian title of Czar; waged a reign of terror against the boyars

Answer 22

Ivan IV

Question 23

the great fleet assembled by Spain in 1588 to invade England

Answer 23

Spanish Armada

Question 24

the King of England that conflicted with Parliament, leading to the English Civil War; he is defeated and beheaded

Answer 24

Charles I

Question 25

a business system where companies are allowed to conduct business without interference from the government

Answer 25

laissez-faire (economics)

Question 26

King of France who issued the Edict of Nantes, restoring peace to the country

Answer 26

Henry IV

Question 27

the King of England asked by Parliament to rule after the death of Oliver Cromwell

Answer 27

Charles II

Question 28

a method of inquiry that promotes observing, measuring, explaining, and verifying as a way to gain scientific knowledge

Answer 28

scientific method

Question 29

King of France and known as the Sun King; he built the palace at Versailles to consolidate absolute power

Answer 29

Louis XIV

Question 30

a ruler with unlimited power over his or her people

Answer 30

absolute monarch

Question 31

French jurist and political philosopher; he explored democratic theories of government. He proposed a government divided into three branches and greatly influenced the US Constitution

Answer 31

Baron de Montesquieu

Question 32

Czar of Russia; changes the country into a more modern state after becoming its absolute ruler

Answer 32

Peter the Great

Question 33

Italian astronomer, mathematician, and physicist; he discovered the law of motion of falling objects and invented the first working telescope; his discovering put him into conflict with the Roman Catholic Church

Answer 33

Galileo Galilei

Question 34

an agreement between a people and their government, stating that people would give up some of their freedom and in return, their government would provide them with peace, security, and order

Answer 34

social contract

Question 35

chief minister of Louis XIII; he strengthened the monarchy and fought against Huguenot resistance

Answer 35

Cardinal Richelieu

Question 36

Polish astronomer; he proposed the heliocentric, or sun-centered, theory of the universe

Answer 36

Nicolaus Copernicus

Question 37

Queen of France and the wife of Louis XVI; during the French Revolution she is made very unpopular, leading to her conviction of treason and execution

Answer 37

Marie Antoinette