Unit 3 Week 9 Flashcards
the ability to regulate or direct the mechanisms essential to movement
motor control
what are the key components of motor control?
muscle activation, posture, balance, and coordination
what factors affect motor control?
neurological, biomechanical, and contextual
why is understanding motor control important for PT?
enables accurate diagnosis, intervention, and rehabilitation
the observable behavior or the execution of a specific motor skill or task
motor performance
encompasses how well an individual can perform a specific action or series of actions. the tangible and visible. the observable skill or task.
what are the key components of motor performance?
speed, accuracy, efficiency, consistency and adaptability
what factors affect motor performance?
task complexity, environmental conditions, cognitive demands, and physical factors
why is understanding motor performance important for PT?
provides measurable data to asses progress, the efficacy of interventions, and identify areas for improvement
a process that leads to a relatively permanent change in an individual’s capacity to execute a motor skill or task.
motor learning
changes are due to practice or experience rather than growth or aging
what are the 3 phases of motor learning? describe each.
cognitive: have to think through the skill. concentration. lots of trial and error, lots of mistakes, and inconsistency. goal is understanding the task
associative: have more of an understanding on how to do the task. refining or perfecting the task. errors are gradually reduced, efficiency is ramped up.
autonomous: do not have to think about the task to complete it. automatic. consistent, efficient performance with minimal errors. can be done under many variations.
this phase of motor learning relies on visual cues and external feedback.
cognitive
this phase of motor learning relies on proprioceptive or personal feedback
associative
this phase of motor learning is where all key components of motor learning are accomplished.
autonomous
what factors affect motor learning?
feedback, motivation, practice structure, and individual differences
why is understanding motor learning important for PT?
enables development of effective treatment plans, skill acquisition, and long-term retention of motor skills
what does age-related motor changes refer to? what do these changes predominantly affect?
the natural and progressive modifications in motor abilities during aging
an individual’s strength, flexibility, and coordination, impacting overall motor control and function
what are the key components of motor changes with aging?
decreased muscle mass, slower reaction times, and reduced joint mobility
how do the motor changes that occur with aging impact motor control?
reduce movement efficiency, balance and coordination challenges, and increase risk of falls.
what is one of the most noticeable changes in an older adult?
balance and coordination challenges
why is understanding motor changes with aging important for PT?
adapt treatment plans and interventions to accommodate age-related changes
we should facilitate and guide patients through the changes and empower their aging.
what are the sensory changes that occur with aging?
alterations in the function of various sensory systems including visual, auditory, tactile, and proprioceptive systems.
what are the key components of sensory changes with aging?
reduced visual acuity, decreased hearing sensitivity, and impaired proprioception (affects balance and coordination)
how do the sensory changes that occur with aging impact motor control?
cause difficulty navigating environments, challenges in maintaining balance and coordination, increase reliance on other sensory systems
why is understanding sensory changes with aging important for PT?
incorporate sensory training and adaptation strategies to optimize function and safety
what are perceptual changes that occur with aging?
alteration in the processing and interpretation of sensory information. includes the brain’s ability to make sense of the information collected by our sensory organs, such as vision, hearing, and touch
what are the key components of perceptual changes with aging?
slower processing speed, difficulty with complex spatial tasks, reduced attentional capacity
how do the perceptual changes that occur with aging impact motor control?
impaired ability to adapt to changing environments, challenges in perceiving and interpreting sensory cues
why is understanding perceptual changes with aging important for PT?
utilize strategies that simplify tasks and environments, emphasize the use of clear and explicit cues
include interventions involving multitasking and spatial demands
at first provide direct cues, clear instructions the progress to multitasking and busy environments
what are cognitive changes that occur with aging?
alterations in various aspects of cognition, including memory, attention, and executive function (higher-order processes that involve planning, decision-making, and task-switching)
what are the key components of cognitive changes with aging?
decreased working memory (vital for temporarily holding and manipulating information), reduced processing speed, impaired multitasking ability
how do the cognitive changes that occur with aging impact motor control?
difficulty learning new motor skills, challenges in adapting to new environments or tasks, increase reliance on familiar routines
why is understanding cognitive changes with aging important for PT?
incorporate cognitive training, use clear and concise instructions, and allow adequate time for learning and adaptation
will take more repetition, more memory, and more attention
what are the factors that affect motor learning across the lifespan? explain each.
cognitive: working memory, attention, and processing speed
physical: strength, flexibility, and coordination
emotional: motivation, self-efficacy, and stress
environmental: complexity of the task, distractions, and context
why is understanding the factors that affect motor learning important for PT?
recognize and address these factors to optimize motor learning for pts of all ages
want to challenge motor skills but also take into consideration these changes to optimize safety
what neurological factors affect motor learning?
brain injury: stroke, TBI
neurodegenerative diseases: Parkinson’s disease, MS, or Alzheimer’s
developmental disorders: cerebral palsy, autism, or developmental coordination disorder
what impact for neurological factors have on motor learning?
impaired neural plasticity, difficulty acquiring and retaining motor skills, altered movement strategies
why is understanding the neurological factors that affect motor learning important for PT?
adapt interventions and treatment plans to accommodate neurological factors that may impede motor learning
what are the factors of stroke that affect motor learning?
hemiparesis (challenges performance of motor task and limits practice), sensory deficits (disrupt proprioceptive tactile feedback, can’t increase learning from feedback), cognitive impairments (impacts attention and memory), and spasticity
what strategies help optimize motor learning for those who have suffered from stroke?
task-specific training: individual practice of the task. enhances the relevance and transferability of motor learning and enables more effective improvement
constraint-induced movement therapy: restricting unaffected limb movement, encouraging the affected limbs movement and promotes motor learning
mental practice: mentally rehearsing movements
why is understanding the affect that stroke has on motor learning important for PT?
understand the unique challenges face by stroke survivors and adapt interventions accordingly to enhance motor learning
what are the factors of Parkinson’s disease that affect motor learning?
bradykinesia (slowing of movement), rigidity (muscle tone), cognitive decline, and postural instability
what strategies help optimize motor learning for those who have Parkinson’s Disease?
external cueing (visual, auditory or tactile), high-intensity exercise (promotes neuroplasticity), and goal-directed training
why is understanding the affect that Parkinson’s disease has on motor learning important for PT?
recognize the specific motor learning challenges in Parkinson’s disease and adapt interventions to improve motor control and function
what are the factors of cerebral palsy that affect motor learning?
muscle weakness, spasticity, impaired motor planning, and sensory deficits
what strategies help optimize motor learning for those who have Cerebral Palsy?
task-oriented training (practicing task over and over), strengthening exercises, and sensory integration therapy (helps improve brain processing of sensory information)
why is understanding the affect that Cerebral Palsy has on motor learning important for PT?
understand the unique motor learning challenges faced by individuals with cerebral palsy and adapt interventions to promote functional independence
