Unit 3 Week 10 Flashcards
the ability to control the center of mass in relationship to the base of support
postural stability
a point that is at the center of the of the total body mass, which is determined by finding the weighted average of the COM of each body segment
center of mass
vertical projection of the COM
center of gravity
the area of the body that is in contact with the support surface
base of support
what are the 3 domains that influence postural control?
individual: motor, sensory, cognitive
environment: support surfaces, sensory context, cognitive load
task: steady-state, reactive, proactive
what are the 3 domains under individual that influence postural control?
motor: responsible for executing all movements and maintaining postural control
sensory: helps perceive our body’s position, movement, and environment
cognitive: conscious control of movement allocating attention, making predictions, and facilitating adaptations to different tasks and environments
what is steady-state in relation to a task?
ability to maintain balance during static postures (standing still, sitting)
what is reactive in relation to a task?
compensatory adjustments we make in response to unexpected events
what control mechanism does a reactive task use?
feedback control mechanism: the process of adjusting body movements on sensory feedback
what is proactive in relation to a task?
anticipatory adjustments made before a potentially destabilizing event occurs
relies heavily on previous experiences and learned motor patterns to predict what sensory input or motor responses will be needed for that action
what control mechanism does a proactive task use?
feed forward control mechanism: adjustments are made in anticipation of movement or change in balance
what are the age-related changes in motor systems related to postural control?
slowed reaction time - affects balance
decreased muscle strength (and endurance) - affects balance
impaired coordination and flexibility - impacts movement efficiency
altered postural strategy selection
how do balance strategies differ in older adults compared to younger individuals?
may rely more heavily on hip strategies instead of ankle strategies - not able to defend against smaller balance disturbances
what are the age-related changes in steady state balance related to postural control?
increased postural sway
altered weight distribution
reduced stability limits
how does weight distribution change with aging?
older adults tend to shift weight more towards their heels
what are the age-related changes in reactive balance control related to postural control?
delayed reaction times
altered compensatory step strategies
reduced muscle power
what are the age-related changes in anticipatory balance control related to postural control?
reduced anticipatory adjustments
impaired sensory integration
diminished cognitive processing
what are the age-related changes in individual sensory systems related to postural control?
decline in visual function (visual acuity, depth perception, and contrast sensitivity)
vestibular system changes
proprioceptive system degradation
what are the age-related changes in cognitive issues related to postural control?
reduced attentional resources (affects ability to monitor and adjust postural control)
slower processing speed
impaired dual-task performance (cognitive task while balancing)
where in the ICF framework does mobility fit?
activity impairments but affects participation
the ability to initiate and maintain movement, including the coordinated actions of muscle groups to produce forward motion
progression
the ability to maintain balance during movement, including using visual, vestibular, and proprioceptive inputs to adjust body position
postural control
the ability to adjust gait patterns in response to changing environmental demands and unexpected obstacles
adaptation
what is stead-state gait?
consistent, uninterrupted walking over a flat surface at a constant speed
what are the key features of a stead-state gait?
regular, rhythmic stepping patterns, symmetrical strides, and consistent foot placement
what role does steady-state gait play in postural control?
provides a foundation for understanding more complex gait tasks and forms a baseline for identifying gait abnormalities
what is kinematics?
the study of motion without considering the forces that cause it
what are the key features of kinematics during steady-state gait?
stride length, cadence, walking speed, joint angles (hip, knee, ankle), and gait phases (stance and swing)
what is stride length?
the distance covered from the point of initial contact of one foot to the next initial contact of that same foot
what is cadence?
of steps per minute
what is walking speed?
stride length x cadence = meters per second
what is progression in reference to muscle activation patterns in steady-state gait?
involves a coordinated sequence of muscle activation to produce smooth movement, typically involving the hip flexors, knee extensors, and ankle plantarflexors