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AP Human Geography > Unit 3 Vocab - Culture Patterns & Processes > Flashcards

Unit 3 Vocab - Culture Patterns & Processes Flashcards

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1
Q

Acculturation

A

A process where the less dominant culture adopts some of the traits of a more influential culture.

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2
Q

Animism

A

The belief that inanimate objects have spirits and conscious life.

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3
Q

Artifacts

A

A wide range of concrete human creations; is only seen in material culture.

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4
Q

Assimilation

A

A belief where a dominant culture completely absorbs the less dominant one.

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5
Q

Baha’i

A

A type of faith founded in Iran in 1844; believe that a different God besides Muhammad was the prophet and messenger of God.

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6
Q

Behaviors

A

People’s actions are generally based on the norms of a culture.

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7
Q

Beliefs

A

Specific statements that people hold to be true; are almost always based on values.

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8
Q

Bilingualism

A

The ability to communicate in two different languages.

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9
Q

Buddhism

A

A religion that began on the Indian subcontinent and has three branches.

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10
Q

Confucianism

A

A blend of Buddhism; provides a code of moral conduct based on humanness and family loyalty.

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11
Q

Contagious Diffusion

A

A form of expansion diffusion where almost all individuals and areas outward of the source region are affected.

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12
Q

Creole

A

A “mother” tongue formed from the contact of two languages through an earlier pidgin stage.

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13
Q

Cultural Determinism

A

A perspective that emphasizes human culture as ultimately more important than the physical environment in shaping human actions.

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14
Q

Cultural Diffusion

A

A process where material and non-material culture spreads to areas around the origin.

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15
Q

Cultural Ecology

A

A field that studies the relationship between the natural environment and culture.

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16
Q

Cultural Geography

A

The transformation of the land and the ways that humans interact with the environment.

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17
Q

Cultural Hearths

A

Areas where civilization first began radiated the customs, innovations, and ideologies that culturally transformed the world.

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18
Q

Cultural Landscape

A

The modification of the natural landscape by human activities.

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19
Q

Cultural Relativism

A

The practice of evaluating a culture by its own standards.

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20
Q

Cultural Transmission

A

The process by which one generation passes culture to the next.

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21
Q

Culture

A

The complex mix of values, beliefs, behaviors, and material objects that together form a person’s way of life.

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22
Q

Culture Complex

A

Common values, beliefs, behaviors, and artifacts that make a group in an area distinct from others.

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23
Q

Culture Region

A

An area marked by culture that distinguishes it from other religions.

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24
Q

Culture System

A

A group of interconnected culture complexes.

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25
Q

Culture Trait

A

A single attribute of a culture.

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26
Q

Daoism

A

A blend of Buddhism; believes that human happiness lies in maintaining proper harmony with nature.

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27
Q

Dialect

A

A regional variant of a standard language.

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28
Q

Diasporas

A

Forced exodus (emigration) from their lands of origin.

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29
Q

Eastern Orthodox

A

A branch of Christianity that split from Roman Catholic in the 11th century; involves only 12% of Christians and is prominent in Eastern Europe and Russia.

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30
Q

Environmental Determinism

A

A belief that the physical environment, especially the climate and terrain, actively shapes cultures.

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31
Q

Environmental Perception

A

A perspective that emphasizes the importance of human perception of the environment, rather than the actual character of the land.

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32
Q

Ethnic Religion

A

A religion that appeals primarily to one group of people living in one place.

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33
Q

Ethnocentricism

A

The practice of judging another culture by the standards of one’s own culture.

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34
Q

Expansion Diffusion

A

A type of diffusion occurs when an innovation or idea develops in a source area and remains strong there while also spreading outward.

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35
Q

Extinct Language

A

Languages that were once used, but are no longer spoken or read in daily activities by anyone in the world.

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36
Q

Folk Culture

A

A culture that is traditionally practiced by small, homogeneous groups living in isolated rural areas.

37
Q

Folk Culture Region

A

When many people who live in a land space share at least some of the same folk customs.

38
Q

Folk Life

A

The composite culture, both material and non-material, that shapes the lives of folk societies.

39
Q

Geographic Region

A

An entire culture system that intertwines with its locational and environmental circumstances.

40
Q

Heirarchial Diffusion

A

A type of expansion diffusion where ideas and artifacts spread first between larger places only later to smaller places.

41
Q

Hinduism

A

The world’s oldest religion; has no central God or book, each individual decides their own way to worship.

42
Q

Humanism

A

An idea that emphasizes the ability of human beings to guide their own lives.

43
Q

Independent Inventions

A

Developments that can be traced to a specific civilization.

44
Q

Indo-European Language Family

A

A family of languages that include English, Spanish, Hindi, Portuguese, Bengali, French, Italian, Russian, German, Marathi, Punjabi, and Urdu.

45
Q

Islam

A

A religion mostly found in the Middle East (Indonesia, Pakistan, Bangladesh, and India) and is divided into two branches.

46
Q

Isogloss

A

A line on a dialect map marking the boundary between linguistic features.

47
Q

Judaism

A

An ethnic religion spread across the world with relatively low numbers; believe there is only one God.

48
Q

Language

A

A systematic means of communicating ideas and feelings through the use of signs, gestures, marks, or vocal sounds.

49
Q

Language Family

A

Languages with a shared, but distant, origin that are put into the same group (“family”).

50
Q

Lingua Franca

A

An established language that comes to be spoken and understood over a large area.

51
Q

Linguistic Fragmentation

A

A condition in which many languages are spoken, each by a relatively small number of people.

52
Q

Linguistic Geography

A

The study of speech areas and their local variations by mapping word choices, pronunciations, or grammatical constructions.

53
Q

Mahayana

A

A branch of Buddhism; characterized by a broad incorporation of ideas and Gods from other religions.

54
Q

Marxism

A

An ideology that transformed communism into a central ideology in many areas during the 20th century.

55
Q

Material Culture

A

A type of culture that includes a wide range of artifacts, which reflect values, beliefs, and behaviors.

56
Q

Migrant Diffusion

A

A type of relocation diffusion where the spread of cultural traits is slow enough that they weaken in the area of origin by the time they reach other areas.

57
Q

Monotheistic Religion

A

A religion that is centered on the belief in one God.

58
Q

Multilingualism

A

The ability to communicate in more than two different languages.

59
Q

Non-Material Culture

A

A type of culture that consists of abstract concepts of values, beliefs, and behaviors.

60
Q

Norms

A

The rules and expectations by which a society guides the behavior of its members.

61
Q

Official Language

A

The language endorsed and recognized by the government as the one that everybody in a population should know and use.

62
Q

Pidgin

A

An amalgamation of languages that borrow words from several other languages; is a hybrid that serves as a second language for everyone who uses it (ex. Spanglish).

63
Q

Popular Culture

A

A culture founded in large, heterogeneous societies that are n]bound by a common culture despite the many differences among the people that share it; is primarily urban-based.

64
Q

Possiblism

A

A perspective that recognizes the importance of the physical environment, but believe that cultural heritage is at least important as the physical environment in shaping human behavior.

65
Q

Protestant

A

A branch of Christianity that split from the Catholic Church in the 16th century; is practiced in North America, Northern Europe, Britain, South Africa, and Australia.

66
Q

Regional Identity

A

A phenomenon where people identify themselves with the social system of a certain region.

67
Q

Religion Branches

A

Large and basic divisions within a religion.

68
Q

Religion Denominations

A

Divisions of branches that unite local groups in a single administrative body.

69
Q

Religion Sects

A

Relatively small groups that do not affiliate with the more mainstream denominations.

70
Q

Relocation Diffusion

A

A process of diffusion where individuals or populations migrating from the source areas physically carry the innovation or idea to new areas.

71
Q

Roman Catholic

A

A branch of Christianity that involves half of the world’s Christians; is practiced in Latin Ameria, French Canada (Quebec), Central Africa, and Southern/Eastern Europe.

72
Q

Shamanism

A

An ethnic religion in which people follow their shaman, a religious leader and teacher who is believed to be in contact with the supernatural.

73
Q

Shiite

A

A branch of Islam with less than 20% of all Muslims practice; most are located in a few Middle Eastern countries.

74
Q

Sikhism

A

A type of faith that combines the ideologies behind Hinduism and Islam.

75
Q

Standard Language

A

A language that is recognized by the government and the intellectual elite as a norm for use in schools, government, media, and other aspects of public life.

76
Q

Stimulus Diffusion

A

A form of expansion diffusion that stimulates initiative behavior within a population.

77
Q

Sub-Family

A

A language family that consists of Spanish, French, and Italian.

78
Q

Sunni

A

A branch of Islam that over 80% of Muslims practice; many live in the Middle East but some live in Indonesia.

79
Q

Symbolic Landscape

A

A geographical landscape that has significant meaning beyond what it simply looks like due to cultural associations.

80
Q

Symbols

A

A physical object that carries a particular meaning recognized by people who share the same culture.

81
Q

Syncretism

A

The process of the fusion of old and new cultural beliefs, behaviors, and values.

82
Q

Tantrayana

A

A branch of Buddhism that is characterized by magic and different meditation techniques; found primarily in Tibet and Mongolia.

83
Q

Theravada

A

A branch of Buddhism that is characterized by a stricter adherence to the original teachings of the Buddha.

84
Q

Time-Distance Decay

A

The rate at which the influence of culture traits weakens as time and distance increase.

85
Q

Toponymy

A

The study of the names of places.

86
Q

Traditional Religion

A

An integral part of a local culture and society.

87
Q

Transculturation

A

The process of two-way flows of culture reflects a more equal exchange of cultural traits.

88
Q

Universalizing Religion

A

A global religion that appeals to all people.

89
Q

Values

A

Culturally-defined standards that guide the way people assess desirability, goodness, and beauty, and that serve as guidelines for moral living.

AP Human Geography (4 decks)

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