Unit 3 - The Industrial Revolution, Immigration, & Urbanization Flashcards
Use this card deck to study for the Unit 3 test on the Industrial Revolution, Immigration, and the Growth of Cities
What other industries grew as a result of the growth of the steel industry?
Railroads - steel used for rails, trains, etc.
Construction - steel used for bridges, taller buildings possible (skyscrapers)
What term describes the growth of cities as more and more people are leaving rural areas (the country) and coming to the US from foreign countries?
Urbanization
What name is given to a business which has driven out all competition and controls the market of a product?
monopoly
This is used to create a stronger form of iron known as steel; its use caused a huge growth in the use of steel in many industries.
The Bessemer Process
Thomas Edison’s invention of the light bulb caused the spread of and increase of the use of what power source?
Electricity
Term used to describe an opposition by Americans to anyone who is not native born.
Nativism
Why was the building of the Transcontinental Railroad such an important advance for the US?
It connected the eastern and western parts of the US
How did the railroads overcome the problems of train schedules and different local times across the US?
They led the creation of a worldwide 24 hour time zone plan
What immigrant groups were important in the building of the Transcontinental Railroad?
Irish, Mexican, Chinese
Name two inventions that gave Americans the ability to communicate over long distances using electric current in wires.
Telegraph and Telephone
In what industry did John Rockefeller create a monopoly and made many people see business owners as more powerful than even the US gov’t?
The Oil Industry
Type of business organization in which a company sells shares of stock to investors and a board of directors and hired managers run the company.
A Corporation
Why would a business owner want to create a corporation and sell stock in his company?
Raise money for expansion, research, producing new products
What is a union?
An organization of workers in a business or industry who work together for better wages, hours, conditions, etc.
What is a philanthropist?
A person who uses their resources (money, position, time) to do positive things for the welfare of their fellow man.
What business term describes owning all the businesses involved in producing a product from the raw material, factory, to the finished product?
vertical integration
At what location were many immigrants processed when arriving in New York City to live in the US?
Ellis Island
What is a strike?
An action carried out by workers (sometimes in a union) where they stop working in order to get a business owner to give into their demands for better wages, hours, etc.
What group of immigrants were excluded from coming to the US by law in 1882 and from becoming citizens if they were already in the country?
The Chinese
Why were Asian (Chinese, Japanese, etc.) immigrants treated so differently than European immigrants coming to the US?
Racial prejudice,
Differences in Cultures, Languages, Religions were extremely different than “white” America
What business practice involves taking over all the businesses which produce a certain product in order to control the industry? (Rockefeller did this by buying oil refineries)
horizontal integration
Who built an empire of power and control in the Railroad Industry after getting his start with steamboats?
Cornelius Vanderbilt
What types of philanthropic activities did Andrew Carnegie carry out with his millions?
building libraries
Carnegie Hall for the performing arts
Education foundations
Carnegie-Mellon University in Pittsburgh
What innovations and inventions allowed the construction of skyscrapers in big cities?
Creation of steel for building frames
Electric Elevators
As populations grew, how did large cities deal with crowded city streets?
Created methods of mass transit - street cars, cable cars, subways below ground.
What types of problems for workers might lead them to form a labor union?
low wages, long hours, dangerous working conditions, unequal pay, etc.
What are some of the “Push” factors that might make a person want to leave their home country and emigrate to the US?
Poor economy, lack of jobs, persecution, war, etc.
What are some of the “Pull” factors that make a person want to come to the US as an immigrant?
Religious freedom, political participation, job opportunities, family or friends in the US, etc.
What was Angel Island?
The immigration processing center near San Francisco used for persons coming from Asia.
In what industry did many workers go on strike out of sympathy for the workers of the Pullman Company?
The Railroad Industry
If you wanted to convince someone that child labor was a GOOD thing, what reasons would you give?
Families need the money
Kept the kids off the street / out of criminal activity
Taught them working skills for the future
Helped Am. businesses with cheap labor
If you were opposed to the use of child labor in the workplace, what arguments would you give to end it?
Children should be in school
Danger and unhealthy conditions in the workplace
Continues a cycle of poverty in the future
What were some of the problems in housing that many cities experienced as populations exploded?
Lack of proper water and sanitation services
Poor construction with few building standards and codes
Not enough police and fire protection
What was a tenement?
Apartment housing in large cities that was overcrowded, unsafe, poorly ventilated, little or no sanitation, etc.
What idea did many Americans support to explain why some people ‘survived’, thrived, and rose to the top in business and society, while others did not and were part of the lower working class?
Social Darwinism
What were some of the problems that immigrants coming to the US would face when they arrived?
language barrier
finding a job, place to live
prejudice and discrimination
adapting to a new culture
Describe life in the “company town” for a factory or mine worker.
Company owned housing, set rent prices and rules
Stores in towns owned by the company, set prices
Loss of job = loss of housing
Company controlled most aspects of life
No elected town officials
On what theories and scientist was the term Social Darwinism based?
The theories of “survival of the fittest” and natural selection of Charles Darwin
In what industry did Andrew Carnegie amass is fortune?
The Steel Industry
What was a political machine?
A group of leaders in a political party that dominates the decisions of the party such as who the candidates will be, who jobs will go to after elections, etc.
In what city did William “Boss” Tweed control the political workings and government of that city?
New York City
What was Tammany Hall?
Headquarters of the Democratic Party in NYC and of the political machine run by Boss Tweed
What name is given to using your political (government) position and influence for personal gain?
graft
Describe the political practice of patronage
Giving government jobs to your friends and supporters that helped get you elected.
What viewpoints about labor unions did many in the public develop because of violence during strikes and other activities of the unions?
Un-American, anti-capitalist, radical, communists
What was the first consumer product from refined oil that made the oil industry grow?
kerosene
Describe the differences between the “old” immigrants before 1880 and the “new” immigrants coming after this time.
Old - coming from N. & W. Europe, Protestant religions, culturally like original Amer. settlers
New - coming from E & S Europe, Catholic, Jewish, Orthodox, culturally much different (language, dress, etc.)
In order to get around using the RR lines operated by Tom Scott and Andrew Carnegie for oil transportation, what did John Rockefeller do to transport his oil?
built pipelines
