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AP Psychology > Unit 3: The Body's Systems > Flashcards

Unit 3: The Body's Systems Flashcards

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1
Q

Cell body

A

The part of a neuron that contains the nucleus; the cell’s life support center

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2
Q

Dendrites

A

Receive and integrate messages, conduct impulses toward the cell bodys

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3
Q

What happens when degeneration of the myelin sheath occurs?

A

Multiple sclerosis

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4
Q

Glial cells (glia)
THINK: Glidal = guiding

A

Cells in the nervous system that support, nourish, and protect neurons; also play a role in learning, thinking, and memory

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5
Q

Action potential

A

A neural impulse; a brief electrical charge that travels down an axon

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6
Q

Refractory period

A

A brief resting pause that occurs after a neuron has fired; A.P cannot occur until the axon returns

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7
Q

synapse

A

The junction between the axon tip of the sending neuron and the dendrite/cell body of the receiving neuron

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8
Q

Synaptic cleft

A

The gap at the junction between the axon tip and the dendrite/cell body of the receiving neuron

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9
Q

Neurotransmitters

A

Chemical messengers that cross synaptic clefts between neurons

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10
Q

Reuptake

A

When a neurotransmitter is reabsorbed by a sending neuron

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11
Q

Agonist molecule

A

A molecule that increases neurotransmitter action

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12
Q

Antagonist molecule

A

A molecule that decreases neurotransmitter action

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13
Q

Cerebral cortex

A

The fabric of connected neuron cells covering the cerebral hemispheres. The body’s ultimate control and information processing center.

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14
Q

Parietal lobe
THINK = parent

A

Top of the head and toward the rear; Sensory input for touch, pain, and body position

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15
Q

Frontal lobes
THINK = front of the wheel

A

Behind the forehead; speaking, muscle movements, memory, thinking, learning, judgments

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16
Q

Occipital lobes
THINK = oculus

A

Back of the head; receive information from visual fields

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17
Q

Temporal lobes
THINK = temp, there to step in for front (off to the side)

A

Above the ears; includes auditory areas, receives info from opposite ears

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18
Q

Motor cortex

A

Back of the frontal lobes; controls voluntary movements

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19
Q

Somatosensory cortex

A

Font of the parietal lobes; registers movement and touch

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20
Q

Association areas
THINK: association = power

A

Areas of the cerebral cortex not involved in primary motor or sensory functions.
–> Involved in higher mental functions such as learning, remembering, thinking, and speaking

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21
Q

Broca’s area

A

Left frontal lobe; affects speaking

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22
Q

Wernicke’s area

A

Left meeting place of lobes; affects understanding

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23
Q

Plasticity

A

The brain’s ability to change by reorganizing after damage based on experience

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24
Q

Neurogenesis

A

The formation of new neurons

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25
Q

Corpus callosum

A

The large band of neural fibers connecting the two hemispheres and carrying messages between them

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26
Q

Split brains

A

Results from surgery that isolates the two hemispheres by cutting the corpus callosum

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27
Q

Dual processing

A

Information is often simultaneously processed on separate conscious and unconscious tracks

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28
Q

Nervous system

A

Electrochemical network; takes in information from the world & the nerve cells

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29
Q

Central Nervous System

A

The brain and spinal cord; the decision maker

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30
Q

Peripheral Nervous System

A

Gathers information; transmits CNS decisions to other body systems or parts

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31
Q

Sensory (afferent) neurons

A

Carries messages from the tissues and sensory receptors inward to CNS

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32
Q

Motor (efferent) neurons

A

Carries instructions from CNS to muscles and glands outward

33
Q

Interneurons

A

Between sensory and motor; processes information

34
Q

Somatic nervous system

A

Part of the peripheral nervous system; voluntary control of skeletal muscles

35
Q

Autonomic nervous system

A

Part of the peripheral nervous system, controls glands and internal organ muscles

36
Q

Sympathetic nervous system

A

Arouses and expends energy

37
Q

Parasympathetic nervous system

A

Calms down and undoes sympathetic nervous system

38
Q

Neural networks

A

Clusters of neurons

39
Q

Spinal reflex pathway

A

Sensory —-(interneuron)—- motor

40
Q

Pain reflex pathway

A

Neural activity –> Sensory neurons –> Muscles

41
Q

Endocrine system

A

Secondary chemical communication system; a set of glands that send hormones into the bloodstream

42
Q

Hormones

A

Travel through the bloodstream into tissues

43
Q

Adrenal glands

A

Above kidneys; secrete hormones (epinephrine and norepinephrine) that arouses body during stress

44
Q

Pituitary gland

A

Most influential gland, located in the core of the brain and controlled by the hypothalamus

45
Q

Oxytocin

A

Associated with birth, milk, flow, and orgasm; social bolding, pair bonding trust

46
Q

Feedback system

A

Brain –> Pituitary –> Other glands –> Hormones –> Body and brain

47
Q

Electroencephalogram (EEG)
THINK: electro

A

Electrode placed on scalp to measure electrical activity in neurons

48
Q

Magnetoencephalography (MEG)
THINK: magnet

A

Coil records magnetic fields from the brain’s electrical currents

49
Q

Computed Tomography (CT)
THINK: x-ray slices

A

Xrays of the head that may locate brain damage

50
Q

Postron Emmission Tomography (PET)
THINK: radioactive drug

A

Tracks where a temporarily radioactive form of glucose goes while the brain performs a given task

51
Q

Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI)
THINK: N, B, O, V

A

Uses magnetic fields and radio waves; tracks nerves, bones, organs, vessels

52
Q

Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI)
THINK: MRI + what?

A

Measures blood flow to brain regions by comparing continuous MRI scans (MRI + bloodflow)

53
Q

Brain connectivity

A

Helps further understand how different brain regions work together

54
Q

Brainstem

A

Oldest and innermost region, responsible for automatic survival functions, on top of medulla

55
Q

Medulla

A

Base of brainstem, controls heartbeat and breathing

56
Q

Pons

A

Coordinates movements and sleep

57
Q

Thalamus
THINK: router

A

On top of the brainstem; directs messages to the sensory receiving areas in the cortex and sends to cerebellum and medulla

58
Q

Reticular formation

A

Between ears in brainstem; travels through brainstem to thalamus, controls arousal

59
Q

Cerebellum
THINK: Ring the bell, you fall!

A

Rear of brainstem; balance, coordination, motor skills, enables nonverbal learning and memory

60
Q

Limbic system
THINK: ex-boyfriend

A

Neural system below the cerebral hemispheres; associated with drives between old and new brain areas

61
Q

Parts of the limbic system

A

1) Amygdala
2) Hypothalamus
3) Hippocampus

62
Q

Hypothalamus
THINK 4 F’s:

A

Fighting, Fleeing, Feeding, F’ing…
Below thalamus; maintenance activities such as hunger, thirst, body temperature, sex, sleep

63
Q

Hippocampus
THINK: hippo looks like?

A

Neural center in limbic system; conscious memories of facts and events

64
Q

Heredity

A

The genetic transfer of characteristics from parents to offspring

65
Q

Genome

A

Consists of all the genetic material in an organism’s chromosomes

66
Q

Heritability

A

The extent to which variation among individuals in a group can be attributed to different genes

67
Q

Epigenetics

A

Studies molecular mechanisms by which environments can trigger or block genetic expression

68
Q

Pineal glands

A

Involved in producing melatonin

69
Q

Thyroid glands

A

Regulates metabolism

70
Q

Adrenal glands

A

Produces adrenaline to help with crisis

71
Q

Pancreas

A

Produces insulin to help get energy from food

72
Q

Ovary

A

Produces estrogen and progesterone

73
Q

Testes

A

Produces testosterone

74
Q

Adrenaline

A

Involved in fight or flight, beneficial in short bursts

75
Q

Leptin

A

Turns off hunger

76
Q

Ghrelin

A

Turns on hunger

77
Q

Genetic mutation

A

A random error in a gene replication that leads to change

78
Q

Sexual overperception bias

A

Men perceive people to be more into them than they actually are

AP Psychology (3 decks)

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