Unit 1: Psychology's History and Approaches

Question 1

critical thinking

Answer 1

examines assumptions, appraises the source, discerns hidden biases, evaluates evidence, and assesses conclusions

Question 2

Who concluded that mind is separable from the body?

Answer 2

Socrates and Plato

Question 3

Who concluded that knowledge is not inherent, and grows from stored memories?

Answer 3

Aristotle

Question 4

René Descartes

Answer 4

1.) Agreed with body/mind seperation
2.) Concluded important discoveries about nerve paths through dissection of animals

Question 5

Francis Bacon

Answer 5

1.) Founder of modern science, influence lingers in psychology
2.) Noted that our brains tend to seek out patterns in random events

Question 6

John Locke

Answer 6

1.) Wrote “An Essay Concerning Human Understanding”
2.) Argued that the mind is a blank slate (tabula rasa) at birth

Question 7

empiricism

Answer 7

The idea that knowledge comes from experience, and that observation and experimentation enable scientific knowledge

Question 8

Whose theory set the ground work for empiricism?

Answer 8

Francis Bacon and John Locke

Question 9

Willhelm Wundt

Answer 9

1.) Structuralist
2.) Createst first laboratory for psychology in 1870

Question 10

structuralism

Answer 10

early school of psychological thought promoted by Wundt and his student, Tichener. Used INTROSPECTION to reveal the structure of the human mind.
☆ Wanted to know what elements made up consciousness

Question 11

What made structuralism unreliable?

Answer 11

1.) Required proper articulation
2.) Results varied
3.) Err in recollection

Question 12

functionalism

Answer 12

Early school of thought promoted by William James and influenced by Charles Darwin. Explored how mental and behavioral processes function
☆ Sought to understand the adaptive function of consciousness

Question 13

William James

Answer 13

1.) Believed that we have traits and functions that serve a certain purpose (asked the “Why” instead of the “If”)
2.) Studied down to earth emotions and other human habits

Question 14

Who first defined psychology as the scientific study of observable behavior?

Answer 14

John B. Watson and R.F Skinner

Question 15

behaviorism

Answer 15

The view that psychology can be explained…
1.) In terms of conditioning
2.) Without appeal to mental processes
3.) That some mental conditions are best treated by altering behavior patterns
☆ Major influence going into the 1960s

Question 16

Sigmund Freud

Answer 16

1.) Developed psychoanalytic psychology, which sought to emphasize the unconscious mind’s influence on behavior
☆ Major psychological force

Question 17

Who developed humanism?

Answer 17

Carl Rogers and Abraham Maslow

Question 18

humanistic psychology

Answer 18

A historically significant perspective that…
1.) Emphasized human growth potential after finding behaviorism & Freudian psychology to be too limiting

Question 19

cognitive bias

Answer 19

A stalemate in accurate thinking that flaws our judgment due to favoritism to a previously held emotion

Question 20

What school of psychology continues through evolutionary psychology?

Answer 20

Functionalism

Question 21

cognitive psychology

Answer 21

How we enable, process, store, and retrieve information (our interpretations)

Question 22

nature-nurture issue

Answer 22

Longstanding controversy over the relative contributions that genes and experience make to the development of psychological traits and behaviors

Question 23

natural selection

Answer 23

Claims inherited traits that beter enable an organism to survive and reproduce in a certain environment will most likely be passed on

Question 24

Evolutionary psychology

Answer 24

The study of evolution of behavior and the mind using principles of natural selection

Question 25

Behavior genetics

Answer 25

1.) Studied behavior and relative power/limits of genetics on it
2.) Dissolved tension in nature-nurture (nurture works on what nature provides)

Question 26

How did the cognitive revolution affect psychology?

Answer 26

1.) Recaptured field’s early interest in mental processes and made them legitimate topics for study

Question 27

positive psychology

Answer 27

Study of human flourishing, with goals of discovering and promoting strengths and virtues that help individuals and communities thrive

Question 28

biopsychological approach

Answer 28

Integrates biological, psychological, and social-cultural viewpoints

Question 29

Biological psychology

Answer 29

How the body and brain enable emotions; how genes/environment influence differences

Question 30

Social cultural psychology

Answer 30

How behavior and thinking may vary across situations and cultures

Question 31

testing effect

Answer 31

Enhanced memory after retrieving, rather than simply rereading, information

Question 32

SQ3R

Answer 32

Survey, Question, Read, Retrieve, Review

Question 33

Developmental psychologist

Answer 33

Studies changing abilities from womb to tomb

Question 34

Educational psychology

Answer 34

Studies teacher influences on learning and teaching

Question 35

Personality psychologist

Answer 35

Investigates persisitent personality traits

Question 36

Social psychologist

Answer 36

Investigates how we view and affect one another

Question 37

Basic research

Answer 37

Pure science that aims to increase the scientific knowledge base

Question 38

Applied research

Answer 38

Scientific study that aims to solve practical problems

Question 39

Counseling psychologists

Answer 39

Assists people with problems in living to achieve a greater well being

Question 40

Clinical psychologists

Answer 40

Studies, assesses, and treats people with psychological disorders

Question 41

Psychiatrists

Answer 41

Deals with psychological disorders, licensed to provide medical treatments

Question 42

Basic Research Subfields of Psychology

Answer 42

1.) Cognitive
2.) Developmental
3.) Educational
4.) Experimental
5.) Psychometric and quantitative
6.) Social

Question 43

Applied Research Subfields of Psychology

Answer 43

FEH IN SRS

1.) Forensic
2.) Enviromental
3.) Health
4.) Industrial-organizational
5.) Neuropsychologists
6.) Rehabilitation
7.) School
8.) Sport

Question 44

The Helping Professions

Answer 44

1.) Clinical
2.) Community
3.) Counseling