Unit 3 Test

Question 1

Election of 1800

Answer 1

Thomas Jefferson and his running mate Aaron Burr ran for the Democratic-Republican Party against the Federalist Party John Adams and Charles C. Pinckney. Both parties received same number of electoral votes, so Jefferson won because of the House of Representatives decision.

Question 2

12th Amendment

Answer 2

Required electors to cast separate votes for President and Vice President

Question 3

Republicanism (Democratic-Republicans)

Answer 3

Jefferson was Republican, to have high faith in self-governing. Republicans consisted of wealthy Southern planters and ordinary farmers. (Anti-Federalists) They were not in favor of the Constitution. Thought the Govt. was too strong, wanted stronger state governments (believed it would bring more happiness to citizens to have their voices better heard), scared of monarchies, and wanted a Bill of Rights.

Question 4

Federalists

Answer 4

Alexander Hamilton and John Jay, as well as urban city dwellers were all Federalists. They were in favor of the Constitution, loved their unique government, wanted a strong national government (believed it provided national safety and a good economy), had faith in their government because of all the checks and balances in place already to protect their liberty, and saw Bill of Rights as unnecessary.

Question 5

Marbury V. Madison

Answer 5

William Marbury had been appointed Justice of the Peace in the District of Columbia, but his commission was not delivered. Marbury petitioned the Supreme Court to compel the new Secretary of State, James Madison, to deliver the documents. Marbury petitioned for a writ of mandamus compelling the delivery of the commissions. Chief Justice John Marshall (Supreme Court) established the principle of judicial review.

Question 6

Judicial Review

Answer 6

An addition to the system of “checks and balances”. The U.S Supreme Court has the power to review laws of Congress and States. The power to declare Legislative and Executive acts unconstitutional.

Question 7

Louisiana Purchase (Jefferson Presidency)

Answer 7

Although Jefferson believed in strict construction of the Constitution, he bought Louisiana from France 1803 for $15 million. Many believed the U.S. didn’t have the money for the purchase and it was too much land to control.

Question 8

Manifest Destiny

Answer 8

American settlers were divinely destined to expand across the entirety of North American.

Question 9

Lewis and Clark Expedition (1804-1806) (Jefferson Presidency)

Answer 9

Jefferson sent these too explorers to discover the West (Louisiana) for plants, animals, economically exploitable land, route to Asia, and relations with Indians.

Question 10

Barbary (1st) Wars (1801-1805) (Jefferon Presidency)

Answer 10

Barbary African states pirates capture 13 U.S ships which stops all U.S trade. Jefferson pays the ransom. They ask for more so they go to war. America’s naval victory on Tripoli Harbor allows for American trade to continue but U.S ship harassment also continues. So no change in treatment.

Question 11

Embargo Act of 1807 (Jefferson Presidency)

Answer 11

British impress American navy to fight Napoleon so Jefferson closed U.S. ports to all exports and restricted imports from Britain. This hurt the U.S economy.

Question 12

Impressment

Answer 12

Forcing of military or naval service on unwilling men through crude and violent methods. The British kept doing this.

Question 13

Non-Intercourse Act (1809) (Jefferson Presidency)

Answer 13

Meant no trade with Britain and France to help keep American neutrality during the Napoleonic Wars until they stopped impressing American Citizens and stopping ships suspected of carrying cargo for the opposing country.

Question 14

War of 1812 (Madison Presidency)

Answer 14

President Madison explains to Congress that Great Britain is doing the following: Interfering with trade, Supporting Indian attacks on the frontier, and Impressment of sailors. This was seen as a disrespect to their neutrality and therefore they went to war. The U.S. is completely unprepared for war and has no real navy. America ties Britain. EFFECTS: Madison and Jackson emerge as heroes, seen as 2nd Independence War, a turning point in American History proves the U.S. was ready to stay as a functioning government and nation.

Question 15

Star Spangled Banner (War of 1812)

Answer 15

Flag above Fort McHenry is still waving in the morning. Francis Scott Key writes “Defense of Fort McHenry” [Star Spangled Banner]. Americans celebrate the saving of Baltimore.

Question 16

Battle of New Orleans

Answer 16

Andrew Jackson is seen as a dynamic leader. He creates the greatest diverse force of 4000 in New Orleans. Jackson attacks the British first and decimates them. Sense of national pride emerges and this is the last battle AFTER the Treaty is signed (didn’t get the news in time).

Question 17

Treaty of Ghent (1814)

Answer 17

The treaty that ended the War of 1812. No territory exchanged, no provisions to stop impressment, America can now trade neutrally. Thousands of slaves found freedom by escaping into British forces but U.S wants them back and British says no. American gained control of Mississippi.

Question 18

Burning of the White House

Answer 18

The British burned down the White House and Washington D.C during the War of 1812.

Question 19

Tenskwatawa and Tecumseh (Madison Presidency)

Answer 19

Tecumseh (Chief) wanted assimilation, attend school with Americans. Tenskwatawa (Prophet) wanted to keep traditions and resist colonist influence. Helped capture Fort Detroit during War of 1812.

Question 20

War Hawks V. Doves

Answer 20

War Hawks: Called for war with Britain, Nationalists, and supported war as a solution.
Doves: Didn’t want a war, opposed military pressure.

Question 21

Hartford Convention (1814-1815)

Answer 21

A secret meeting in Hartford, Connecticut. Federalists called for elimination of the 3/5 Rule (to diminish the influence of slave-holding states in the legislature) and required 2/3 Majority vote of Congress for new states, war, and laws restricting trade. This failed, and Federalists suffered irreparable damage as Federalism became known as “lacking an extensive nationwide outlook” and out of touch.
WARNED OF SOUTHERN DOMINATION OF GOVERNMENT

Question 22

Adam-Onis Treaty (1819)

Answer 22

Spain sold Florida to the U.S and renounced any claim to Oregon in return for a U.S renunciation of any tenuous claims they might have to Texas and $5 million in claims of Americans against Spain government in Florida.

Question 23

Acquisition of Oregon

Answer 23

Ceded by Britain in 1846.

Question 24

Rush-Bagot Agreement (1817)

Answer 24

The treaty regulated naval armaments on the Great Lakes and Lake Champlain after the War of 1812, demilitarizing the border between the U.S. and Canada. Involved U.S and Britain.

Question 25

Monroe Doctrine

Answer 25

President James Monroe’s 1823 annual message to Congress which warned European powers not to interfere in the affairs of the Western Hemisphere.

Question 26

Cotton Gin (1793)

Answer 26

Invented by Eli Whitney. A simple device of rollers and brushed that separated seed from cotton. Expanded cotton market. Allowed a use of used-up tobacco soil and cotton market re-ignited slavery, so slaves were transported from north to lower South.

Question 27

Lowell Mill (1820s - 1850s)

Answer 27

Boston Associates build group of modern textile factories that involved the whole spinning process (not just a part). Allowed Mill Girls to earn money independently in these factories however with low wages and long hours. They soon would marry and move.

Question 28

The Panic of 1819

Answer 28

A financial panic. Unemployment mounted, banks failed, mortgages were foreclosed, and agricultural prices fell by half. Investment in western lands collapsed. One cause was bank’s lending practices. Banks allowed too many banking notes and lines of credit to be released that were not backed by hard currency. When banks had to call in loan payments, farms foreclosed, which led to bank failures.

Question 29

Market Revolution

Answer 29

Catalysts: innovations in transportation and communication. Nation became commercial farms and manufacturing cities.

Question 30

Innovations

Answer 30

Steamboat, canal , and railroads opened new land for settlement, lowered transportation costs, and easier to sell products.

Question 31

Spinning Jenny

Answer 31

Allowed for yarn to be quickly spun.

Question 32

Agricultural Technology

Answer 32

Allowed for bulk crops such as wheat and corn.

Question 33

East Agriculture

Answer 33

Concentrated on producing dairy products, fruits, vegetables for nearby urban centers.

Question 34

Erie Canal (1825)

Answer 34

363 Mile canal across upstate New York (NY), allowed goods to flow between Great Lakes and NYC which attracted farmers which created more cities. NYC was the primary trading port.

Question 35

Railroads and Telegraphs

Answer 35

Stimulated coal mining (fuel), iron mining (materials), and instantaneous communication (Morse code).

Question 36

Interchangeable Parts

Answer 36

Allowed unskilled workers to produce large numbers of weapons quickly and at lower cost, and made repair and replacement of parts easier.

Question 37

Early Immigration

Answer 37

High labor demand, immigration of workers (Germans + Irish) to Northern states because of job opportunities and lack of competition with slaves.

Question 38

Great Famine (1845 - 1851)

Answer 38

Blight (disease) destroyed potato crop in Ireland. 1 million died.

Question 39

Nativism (1850s)

Answer 39

A national political movement that appealed mainly to skilled native born American workers who feared immigrants were taking their jobs and wages. Blamed immigrants for criminality and spread of Catholicism.

Question 40

The Era of Good Feelings

Answer 40

A period in the political U.S history that reflected a sense of national purpose and a desire for unity among Americans in the aftermath of the War of 1812.

Question 41

Loose VS Strict Construction of U.S Constitution

Answer 41

Strict: A “to the letter” interpretation of the Constitution. Exact; literal meaning.
Loose: Allows a broader and general interpretation.

Question 42

Missouri Compromise (1820)

Answer 42

An Act to authorize the people of the Missouri territory to form a constitution and state government and admitted to U.S Union to balance free and slave states. Missouri Constitution (1821) protected slavery and prohibited free blacks from entering state and ignored federal law that blacks are citizens.

Question 43

The American System (1815)

Answer 43

State of the Union Address, James Madison (President) creates blueprint for government promoted economic development through cheap cotton textiles and manufacturing. Tariffs to protect and promote American industry; a national bank to control the money supply and foster commerce; federal subsidies for roads, canals, and other “internal improvements” to move products and services and capital to markets; and high prices for public land to generate revenue for the federal government.

Question 44

Gibbons V. Ogden

Answer 44

Justice Marshall concluded that regulation of navigation by steamboat operators and others for purposes of conducting interstate commerce was a power reserved to and exercised by the Congress under the Commerce Clause. U.S. Congress controlled interstate commerce.
Gibbons was sued by Ogden for violating the steamboat monopoly given to him.

Question 45

Election of 1824

Answer 45

John Quincy Adams defeated Andrew Jackson in 1824 by garnering more electoral votes through the House of Representatives, even though Jackson originally received more popular and electoral votes.
John Quincy Adams (running mate John C. Calhoun) VS Andrew Jackson (running mate John C. Calhoun) VS William H. Crawford (running mate Nathaniel Macon) VS. Henry Clay (running mate Nathan Sanford).

Question 46

John Quincy Adams

Answer 46

6th U.S President (1825 - 1829), son of John Adams. He was a part of government affairs and international affairs, he wanted national greatness. A strong national government and promote agriculture, trade, manufacturing, and the arts.

Question 47

Whigs

Answer 47

Clay and Adams alliance = Whig Party. Originally colonists supporting independence. In the mid 1830s, the Whig Party opposed Jackson’s strong-armed leadership style and policies. The Whigs promoted protective tariffs, federal funding for internal improvements, and other measures that strengthened the central government. For American System, believed liberty and power reinforced each other (liberty = prosperous America). Believed that Federal Govt. should create a stable economy and that any citizen should be able to become wealthy and attain nobility. That the govt. promotes the private welfare of the people.

Question 48

Democratic Party

Answer 48

They are alarmed by widening gap between classes and believed in a governmental “hands off” attitude. They were for slavery and believed liberty was private. Believed in high state power and weak federal govt. Believed individual morality was a private matter and there should be no federal laws pushing for this.

Question 49

Andrew Jackson

Answer 49

A barbaric and “common man”. He had little formal education and wanted to push Indians away. Was for slavery and wanted free blacks to be sent abroad, away. He is a nationalist. He opposed Federalist efforts to shape the economy and interfere in individual’s private lives.

Question 50

Suffrage for white males (expanded)

Answer 50

The rise of Jacksonian democracy from the 1820s to 1850s led to a close approximation of universal manhood suffrage among white people being adopted in all states by 1856.

Question 51

Election of 1828

Answer 51

Andrew Jackson VS John Quincy Adams. Jackson publicly campaigned himself, nontraditional and not well viewed but changed future elections and campaigns. Jackson won both popular vote and electoral votes.

Question 52

Jacksonian Democracy

Answer 52

Expanded suffrage to most white men (common man) over the age of 21 and restructured a number of federal institutions, opposed to any signs of aristocracy in the nation.

Question 53

Spoils System

Answer 53

Jackson introduced this, the winning political party rewards its campaign workers and other active supporters by appointment to government posts and with other favors.

Question 54

Tariff of Abominations (Tariff of 1828)

Answer 54

High taxes on manufactured goods (wool) and raw materials receives opposition from the South, specifically South Carolina. They wanted to nullify the tariff, because it raised the prices paid by Southern customers which only benefited the North at their expense. The tariff was supposed to be protective.

Question 55

Tariff of 1832

Answer 55

An attempt to address Southern grievances over the high protective duties imposed by the Tariff of 1828. Hostility toward the new tariff in South Carolina nearly led to civil war.

Question 56

Nullification Crisis (1832)

Answer 56

South Carolina stood alone during crisis, several Southern states passed resolutions condemning its actions. Nullification seen as disunion. South Carolina nullified Tariff of Abominations. Which led Jackson to use Force Act, allowing him to use federal army and navy to collect taxes.

Question 57

Compromise Tariff of 1833

Answer 57

Henry Clay helped create a compromise bill with Calhoun that slowly lowered tariffs over the next decade. The Compromise Tariff of 1833 was eventually accepted by South Carolina and ended the nullification crisis.

Question 58

The Indian Removal Act (1830)

Answer 58

A law created by Jackson’s Administration: provided funds to uproot 5 civilized and assimilated Native tribes but were still seen as savage. Cherokee tribe tried going to court to defend their rights.

Question 59

Trail of Tears

Answer 59

Removal route from Georgia to Oklahoma of 60,000 people. This reinforced racial definition of American nationhood and freedom. Many died of starvation, disease, and dehydration.

Question 60

Worcester V. Georgia

Answer 60

Court held Indian nations as distinct people with the right to maintain separate political identity, Jackson didn’t recognize this.

Question 61

U.S Bank

Answer 61

Nicholas Biddle approves bill of extending bank for 20 more years. Jackson saw this as blackmail, that if he didn’t sign this bill then the Bank would use its considerable resources to oppose his reelection, so he vetoes it. Enhance presidency power = symbolic representation of people and veto and appeal directly to the people which killed the bank.

Question 62

Pet Banks

Answer 62

Jackson authorized removal of federal funds from National Bank and transferred the money to little banks. The national bank lost the ability to regulate state bank activities and issued more paper money and raised the value of bank notes and raised prices.

Question 63

Panic of 1837

Answer 63

U.S economic collapse = depression: prices fell by 25%, failed businesses, high unemployment, lost land, and defaulted on debts. CAUSE: Govt. sold 20 million federal acres and paid in paper money and British demanded creditors paid by merchants in gold and silver and an economic downturn in Britain = lower demand for American cotton (country’s major export)

Question 64

McCulloch V. Maryland

Answer 64

In 1818, the state of Maryland passed legislation to impose taxes on the bank. James W. McCulloch, the cashier of the Baltimore branch of the bank, refused to pay the tax. The state appeals court held that the Second Bank was unconstitutional because the Constitution did not provide a textual commitment for the federal government to create a bank.

Question 65

John C. Calhoun & The Crisis (1828)

Answer 65

Drafted a document that the national government was created by agreement between sovereign states. He proposed the theory of nullification which declared the tariff unconstitutional and therefore unenforceable.

Question 66

The Second Great Awakening

Answer 66

A popular religious revival which was a religious underpinning to the celebration of personal self-improvement, self-reliance (individualism), and self-determination. Democratized American Christianity making it truly a mass enterprise.

Question 67

Charles G. Finney and NY’s “Burned-Over District”

Answer 67

The burned-over district refers to the western and central regions of New York in the early 19th century, where religious revivals and the formation of new religious movements of the Second Great Awakening took place. The term was coined by Charles Grandison Finney, who in his 1876 book Autobiography of Charles G.

Question 68

Women’s rights (Seneca Falls)

Answer 68

Activist and leader Elizabeth Cady Stanton drafted The Declaration of Sentiments, which called for women’s equality and suffrage. The first American women’s rights convention.

Question 69

The Cult of Domesticity

Answer 69

A system of cultural beliefs governing gender roles of upper- and middle-class women Americans. A True Woman should have four main virtues: purity, piety, submissiveness, and domesticity.

Question 70

Abolition

Answer 70

The campaign to end slavery in the United States, before and during the Civil War. Slavery abolished in Spanish America (gradual) and British Empire (immediate). France and Denmark emancipated colonial slaves and are declining slave institutions.

Question 71

Second Middle Passage

Answer 71

Atlantic Slave Trade ended in 1808, prohibited by Congress. 2 million slaves sold to locals but thousands from older states to “importing” to Lower South.

Question 72

Pro-Slavery Arguments

Answer 72

Believed in white supremacy, used the Bible as facts (servant must obey master), slavery essential to human progress (in that the great Romans used slaves so that the whites can cultivate science and arts while the slaves do unskilled work), and slavery guaranteed white freedom.

Question 73

Paternalism

Answer 73

Master (head of system) has the right to the slave’s obedience just as a man; father is head of the household and has the right to his wife’s and children’s obedience. This is a prominent feature in American culture and slavery. This enabled white slave owners to think of themselves as kind and benevolent to have bought these slaves and took “care” of them and yet still saw them as property; less than human.

Question 74

Slave Church

Answer 74

Christianity as well as a mix of Christianity and African traditions that were practiced in secret gatherings (a form of freedom). There were always black preachers on plantations (someone who has the most knowledge of the Bible and Christianity). Slaves could attend mixed churches (white and black) but had to sit at the back or on the balcony. The minister was always white and masters promoted attendance because they saw it as a form of control to instill in slaves that they were meant to be slaves and be obedient to their masters.

Question 75

Slave Family

Answer 75

Slaves could marry but needed their master’s consent, some still did without though. They named their children after other family members. Unlike the whites, they did not marry their 1st cousins. High number of female headed families because men were often separated from families.

Question 76

Slave Gender Roles

Answer 76

Slave men and women were often equal because of their powerlessness. Slave men couldn’t traditionally economically provide for his family or protect his wife from the master. There was also no house for slave women to take care of. However when blacks had more autonomy or freedom, traditional gender roles prevailed.

Question 77

Slave Resistance

Answer 77

Slaves often resisted by performing poor work, purposely breaking tools, abusing animals, food theft, anything to disrupt plantation routine. Some more extreme forms of resistance include arson, poison, and armed assault.

Question 78

Fugitive Slaves

Answer 78

A slave that has ran away and escaped from their master’s plantation or home. They often had no geographic knowledge except the notion that the North meant freedom or they hid in free black communities. Most young men escaped because unlike young women, some didn’t have children or families to stay with.

Question 79

Underground Railroad

Answer 79

A loose organization of sympathetic abolitionists who hid fugitives in their homes and then sent them to the next station/home to assist in their escape. 30,000 slaves total have been saved through this organization. Running away undermined proslavery propaganda that slaves are happy to serve. Fugitives were also frustrating and annoying to have roaming the country. Government demanded slaves back from Canada and Mexico (they said no). It also confronted the balance individual consciences and obedience to laws.

Question 80

Harriet Tubman

Answer 80

The best known escapee. In 1849 she rescued 75 men, women, and children from slavery.

Question 81

Amistad (1839)

Answer 81

53 slaves were illegally bought from Africa, took over Amistad ship and then forced the conductor to return to Africa. They were stopped by another American ship and since they were bought illegally, they were returned back to Africa. This inspired another ship uprising.

Question 82

Nat Turner’s Rebellion (1831)

Answer 82

Nat Turner was a slave preacher and religious mystic who helped organize a group of 80 followers to go and rebel by killing 60 white women and children from farms. The white men were out on a religious revival. EFFECT: Instead of gradual emancipation because this proved that they were unhappy and unsatisfied with their lives, they made tighter bondage by no more allowing preaching, a stronger military and protection, and many innocent slaves were whipped and feared of rebelling as well.

Question 83

Prison reform/Rights for the Mentally Ill

Answer 83

Prison and asylum reform movement was a national reform movement that started in the 1840s. Dorothea Dix led the reform movement for mental health and advocated for the “moral treatment” of individuals, for example that patients should no longer be kept in shackles or straitjackets. She discovered that the mentally ill were often housed in prisons, rather than asylums.
Reformers believed it was healthy for prisoners to work, but they objected to the prisons profiting from inmate labor or using labor as a punishment. Beginning in the late 1800s, some states passed laws restricting prison labor.

Question 84

Temperance

Answer 84

Rooted in America’s Protestant churches, first urged moderation, then encouraged drinkers to help each other to resist temptation, and ultimately demanded that local, state, and national governments prohibit alcohol outright. Temperance advocates pointed to alcohol’s deleterious health effects and also blamed it for instigating domestic abuse, public disorder, financial ruin, and widespread moral decay.

Question 85

Transcendentalists

Answer 85

The Transcendentalists saw beauty in nature, but ugliness in a materialistic society full of greed (excessive or insatiable desire for wealth or gain). Advocated the idea of a personal knowledge of God, believing that no intermediary was needed for spiritual insight. Imagination was better than reason, creativity was better than theory, and action was better than contemplation.

Question 86

Education Reform

Answer 86

The common school movement sought to provide a free and efficient school system for all citizens, dedicated to responsible citizenship and moral education. The campaign for public schools began in earnest in the 1820s, when religiously motivated reformers advocated public education as an answer to poverty, crime, and deepening social divisions. Some of the leaders of education reform movements in the United States were Horace Mann, Catharine Beecher, and John Dewey. Horace Mann was a politician who made major changes to public education in Massachusetts when he became the Massachusetts secretary of education.

Question 87

McGuffey’s Reader

Answer 87

Nearly every schoolchild read from, also had contained both English lessons as well as patriotic and moral lessons.

Question 88

Texas Republic (independence)

Answer 88

The Texas Declaration of Independence was issued during a revolution against the Mexican government, declared its independence from Spain in 1836. Texas was annexed into the U.S in 1845, Northerners however feared it would become a slave state and upset the balance of slave and free states. So states were unionized in pairs to avoid this.

Question 89

Battle of Alamo

Answer 89

The Battle of the Alamo in 1836 was part of the Texas Revolution in which the Mexican state of Tejas won independence and became a self-governing republic: Texas.

Question 90

Gag rule

Answer 90

Automatically postponed action on all petitions relating to slavery without hearing them and ignored the matter to avoid conflict and addressing the nation’s issue. An act of Congress that was passed in 1836 in response to the overwhelming amount of petitions and letters that were being sent to Congress that demanded the abolishment of slavery.

Question 91

Panic of 1839

Answer 91

A significant economic collapse. Ultimately led nine state governments to default on their debts in 1841 and 1842. Nearly half of all banks failed, businesses closed, prices declined, and there was mass unemployment. From 1837 to 1844 deflation in wages and prices was widespread. Heightened British investors’ sensitivity to declining returns in the colonies, which in turn slowed capital inflow.

Question 92

Webster-Ashburton Treaty (1842)

Answer 92

a treaty resolving several border issues between the United States and the British North American colonies, particularly a dispute over the location of the Maine-New Brunswick border.

Question 93

James K. Polk

Answer 93

Polk is known annexing the Republic of Texas, the Oregon Territory, and the Mexican Cession after winning the Mexican–American War. The 11th U.S President, 1845 to 1849. Added more territory to U.S than any other President, died 103 days after his single-term ended.

Question 94

54 40 or Fight & 49th parallel

Answer 94

In 1845, Polk called for expansion that included Texas, California, and the entire Oregon territory. The northern boundary of Oregon was the latitude line of 54 degrees, 40 minutes. “Fifty-four forty or fight!” was the popular slogan that led Polk to victory against all odds. the United States ought to claim all the territory up to 54 degrees and 40 minutes north parallel or fight Great Britain for the land.

Question 95

The Mexican American War (1846-1848)

Answer 95

Marked the first U.S. armed conflict chiefly fought on foreign soil. It pitted a politically divided and militarily unprepared Mexico against the expansionist-minded administration of U.S. President James K.

Question 96

Mexican Cession (1848) (Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo)

Answer 96

Ended the war between the United States and Mexico. By its terms, Mexico ceded 55 percent of its territory, including the present-day states California, Nevada, Utah, New Mexico, most of Arizona and Colorado, and parts of Oklahoma, Kansas, and Wyoming. (Primarily California, Nevada, Utah and Arizona)

Question 97

Gadsden Purchase (1853-1854)

Answer 97

An agreement between the United States and Mexico. In which the United States agreed to pay Mexico $10 million for a 29,670 square mile portion of Mexico that later became part of Arizona and New Mexico. Gadsden’s Purchase provided the land necessary for a southern transcontinental railroad and attempted to resolve conflicts that lingered after the Mexican-American War. Antislavery forces in the United States opposed the Gadsden Purchase because they feared the new territories would become slave states. Supporters of the southern route of a transcontinental railroad were disappointed because the new lands were too mountainous for their project.

Question 98

The Gold Rush to California (1848 - 1852)

Answer 98

Rapid influx of fortune seekers in California that began after gold was found at Sutter’s Mill. Resulted in the expansion of manufacturing and the service industries, as many entrepreneurial newcomers took advantage of the demand for mining materials, lumber, clothing and transportation. A huge increase in population and a pressing need for civil government. California entered the Union as a free, nonslavery state by the Compromise of 1850.