Unit 1 test Flashcards
Algonquians
members of a North American Indian people living in Canada along the Ottawa River and its tributaries and westward to the north of Lake Superior.
Albany Plan of Union
A failed 1754 proposal by the seven northern colonies in anticipation of the French and Indian, urging the unification of the colonies under one crown -appointed president
Anglican Church
The established state church of England, was formed by Henry VIII after the pope refused to annul his marriage to Cathrine of Aragon
Anglicization
the act of making something or someone English in either character or form
Anne Hutchinson
challenged male authority—and, indirectly, acceptable gender roles—by preaching to both women and men and by questioning Puritan teachings about salvation.
Atlantic Slave Trade/Triangle Trade
The systematic importation of African slaves from their native continent across the Atlantic Ocean to the New World, largely fueled by rising demand for sugar, rice, coffee, and tobacco
Aztec Empire (Tenochtitlan)
found in northern Mexico, mesoamerican people conquered by hernado cortez.
Bacon’s Rebellion
Unsuccessful 1676 revolt led by planter Nathaniel Bacon against Virginia governor William Berkeley’s administration because of governmental corruption and because Berkeley had failed to protect settlers from Indian raids and did not allow them to occupy Indian lands.
Black Legend
The idea that the Spanish New World was more oppressive toward Indians than European empires
Borderlands
A place between or near recognized borders where no group of people has complete political control or cultural domincance.
Cahokia
An Indian center for trade in 1200 A.D. that was once located near present-day St. Louis.
Capitalism
A system of economic production based on the private ownership of property and the contractual exchange for profit of goods, labor, ad money.
Chesapeake
Settlements surrounding Chesapeake Bay, Virginia and Maryland.
Columbian Exchange
The transatlantic flow of goods and people that began with Columbus’s voyages in 1492
Creoles
persons born in the New World of European ancestry
Encomienda System
A system used by Spaniards in which Indians were given to colonists to use for labor.
English Bill of Rights
A series of laws enacted in 1689 that inscribed the rights of Englishmen into law and enumerated parliamentary powers such as taxation
European Enlightenment
Revolution in thought in the 18th century that emphasized reason and science over the authority of traditional religion
First Great Awakening
The fervent religious revival movement in the 1720s through the 1740s was spread throughout the colonies by ministers like New England Congregationalist Jonathan Edwards and rival George Whitefield.
French and Indian War
The last and most important colonial war was fought between England and France for control of North America east of the Mississippi river.
Glorious Revolution
A coup in 1688 engineered by a small group of aristocrats led to William of Orange taking the British throne in place of James II
Great Basin/Great Plains
a desert region of the Western United States that stretches from the high desert regions between the Sierra Nevada and the Rocky Mountains.
Great League of Peace
An alliance of the Iroquis tribes, originally formed sometime between 1450 and 1600, used their combined strength to pressure Europeans to work with them in the fur trade and to wage war across eastern North America.
Halfway Covenant
A 1662 religious compromise that allowed baptism and partial church membership to colonial New Englanders whose parents were not among the Puritin elect
Headright System
a land grant program designed to attract settlers.
House of Burgesses
the first elected legislative assembly in the New World, established in Virginia in 1619.
Indentured servants
Passage paid for poor young men and women to come to colonies
Iroquois Confederacy
a confederation of five (later six) distinct tribes who maintained a permanent peace and military alliance with each other.
Jamestown
the first successful permanent English settlement in North America.
John Locke
English philosopher who advocated the idea of a “social contract” in which government powers are derived from the consent of the governed and in which the government serves the people
John Smith
A captain famous for world travel. English settler in Jamestown
Joint-Stock Companies
a company made up of a group of shareholders.
Las Casas
A Spanish missionary who was disgusted and outraged by the poor treatment of Native Americans especially the encomienda system.
Liberalism
the political ideology, dominant in England and the United States during the nineteenth century, that celebrated individual liberty, private property, a competitive market economy, free trade, and limited government.
Maryland Toleration Act
ensured religious freedoms to Christian settlers of different denominations who settled in Massachusetts.
Mayflower Compact & Plymouth
The document established a government for the new Plymouth Colony.
Mercantilism
an economic system that focused on growing a nation’s wealth by exporting easily produced goods in exchange for limited imports
Metacom’s War/King Philip’s War
A series of battles in New Hampshire between the colonists and the Wompanoags, led by Metacom, a chief also known as King Philip.
Middle Colonies
made up of Pennsylvania, New York, Delaware, and New Jersey.
Middle Passage
middle segment of the forced journey that slaves made from Africa to America throughout the 1600’s
Mississippi River Valley
In the northeastern United States.
Mound builders
Early Indian people who built large earthen monuments to serve as burial sites and as sites for temples and religious ceremonies.
Navigation Acts
Laws that governed trade between England and its colonies
Pequot War
an armed conflict between the Pequot Indians and English colonists that took place from 1634–1638, in the Connecticut River Vally.
Pilgrims
a form of putitan (separatists) who wanted to completely break away from the church of England.
Pocahontas
A native Indian of America, daughter of Chief Powahatan, who was one of the first to marry an Englishman, John Rolfe, and return to England with him
Pontiac’s Rebellion
an uprising of Native American Indian tribes following the French and Indian War that led to the passage of the Proclamation of 1763 and the British decision to establish a permanent standing army in North America.
pueblo Revolt
a revolution against Spanish religious, economic, and political institutions imposed upon the Pueblos.
Puritans
non-separatists who wished to adopt reforms to purify the Church of England.
Quakers
a radical Protestant sect; wanted to restore the simplicity and spirituality of early Christianity
Reconquista/Conquistador
Spanish conquerors of Mexico and Peru in the 16th century.
Republicanism
the ideology of governing the nation as a republic, where the head of state is not appointed through hereditary means, but usually through an election , A philosophy of limited government with elected representatives serving at the will of the people.
Roanoke
an island in Dare County, present-day North Carolina, United States that was found abandoned without a trace of the colonists.
Salutary Neglect
a period from 1607-1763 in which England did not strictly enforce Parliamentary laws
Salem Witch Trials
a series of hearings and prosecutions of people accused of witchcraft in colonial Massachusetts between January 1692 and May 1693.
Stono Rebellion
the largest uprising of enslaved people in the colonies
Tobacco (“brown gold”)
the lifeblood of the early Southern colonies, and its profits led directly to the rapid growth of slavery in the new nation.
Virginia Company
chartered as a joint stock company and tasked with creating a profitable settlement in Virginia.
Yeoman Farmers
small landowners (the majority of white families in the south) who farmed their own land and usually did not own slaves.
Zenger Trial
libel case against John Peter Zenger. This case established the principle that truthful statements about public officials could not be considered libelous.
