unit 3 test Flashcards
1
Q
what is Population
A
Population typically refers the number of people in a single area whether it be a city or town, region, country, or the world. Governments typically quantify the size of the resident population within their jurisdiction by a process called a census
Populations are more than just numbers. Populations are dynamic. They are always changing due to births, deaths, migrations as well as many other factors such as living conditions and conflict.
2
Q
what is Demography
A
The study of human population
Birth rate, death rate, migration, fertility rate, rate of natural increase, population pyramids
Trends, patterns, projections
Policies and programs
3
Q
what is Migration
A
Human migration involves the movement of people from one place to another with intentions of settling, permanently or temporarily, at a new location.
4
Q
what is Immigration
A
Immigration is the international movement of people to a destination country of which they are not natives or where they do not possess citizenship in order to settle as permanent residents or naturalized citizens.
5
Q
what is Refugees
A
a person who has been forced to leave their country in order to escape war, persecution, or natural disaster.
6
Q
what is Urbanization
A
Urbanization refers to the population shift from rural to urban areas, the corresponding decrease in the proportion of people living in rural areas, and the ways in which societies adapt to this change.
7
Q
what is Cities
A
A city is a large human settlement. It can be defined as a permanent and densely settled place with administratively defined boundaries whose members work primarily on non-agricultural tasks
8
Q
what is Urban Growth
A
Urban sprawl is the unrestricted growth in many urban areas of housing, commercial development, and roads over large expanses of land, with little concern for urban planning
9
Q
BIRTH RATE
A
The number of births per 1000 people in a year.
10
Q
DEATH RATE
A
The number of deaths per 1000 people in a year.
11
Q
NATURAL INCREASE
A
Is the number of extra people (birth rate minus
the death rate). This is usually given as a
percentage.
12
Q
INFANT MORTALITY RATE
A
The annual number of deaths of infants less
than one year old per 1,000 live births.
13
Q
LIFE EXPECTANCY
A
The number of years that an individual is
expected to live as determined by statistics.
14
Q
HOW DO WE MEASURE CHANGES IN POPULATION?
A
Birth Rate Death Rate Rate of Natural Increase Fertility Rates Net Migration Rate Population Pyramids
15
Q
MEDC
A
More Economically Developed Country
i.e. Canada, Germany
16
Q
LEDC
A
Less Economically Developed Country
i.e. Pakistan, Malaysia
17
Q
Population Structure
A
Shows visually how a population is made up of people of different ages (males/females)
Called a population pyramid
Two bar graphs (one male, one female) side by side.
What percentage of a population is of a certain gender
What percentage is a certain age range.
18
Q
population pyramid for - Typical of a developing country (ex: Kenya)
A
Wide base = large proportion of young people
Narrow at the top = small proportion of elderly
19
Q
population pyramid for - Typical of a developed country
A
Narrow at the base, wider in the middle, and stays wide until the very top (high percentage of elderly)
Note more old women than men.
Ex: Italy, Canada
20
Q
The infant mortality = higher in LEDCs (Less Economically Developed Country). LEDCs often have:
A
A shortage of medical services A greater number of children born per mother Poor nutrition of mothers and babies Less knowledge of health matters Unclean water/supplies
The chances of surviving to your fifth birthday depends on where in the world you are born.
21
Q
LEDCs have high death rates because, in many cases, there are:
A
Dirty, unreliable water supplies Poor housing conditions Poor access to medical services Endemic disease in some countries Diets that are short in calories and/or protein
22
Q
MEDCs have low death rates because, in many cases, there are:
A
Good housing conditions
Safe water supplies
More than enough food to eat
Advanced medical services which are easy to access
Some developed countries have a high death rate as they have an ageing population with many older people.
23
Q
Effects of Population Growth
A
Increased Poverty
Resource Depletion
Strain on Social Services
Urban Sprawl
24
Q
Effects of Population Decline
A
Economic Growth / Maintenance
Rising taxes to pay for increased health care
Less workforce
Urban Issues - redesigning communities for an aging population
Pro-natalist policies? (to raise BR)
Increased immigration?
25
Push Factors
forces that drive people to leave their previous location for a new place
26
Pull Factors
forces that attract people to new places and draw them away from previous location
27
examples of push factors
Lack of employment and access to education
Poor living conditions
Conflict, persecution, and violence
Limited rights and freedoms
Environmental factors/natural disasters
28
examples of pull factors
Opportunities for better employment and education
Better living conditions
Safety, security, and peaceful conditions
More rights and freedoms
Better climate and natural resources
29
Natural Increase Rate +
(NIR) = BR – DR
30
Immigration Rate +
(IR) = Number of immigrants per 1,000 people
31
Emigration Rate +
(ER) = Number of emigrants per 1,000 people
32
Net Migration Rate +
(NMR) = IR – ER
33
Population Growth Rate +
(PGR) = (BR - DR) + (IR - ER)
34
immigration key terms
Landed immigrant (or permanent resident)
A person who has been granted the right to live permanently in Canada by immigration authorities, but who has not yet become a Canadian citizen through naturalization.
35
immigration key terms
Naturalization:
the process through which immigrants acquire Canadian citizenship.
36
immigration key terms
Foreign-born population (also: immigrant population)
In censuses, persons who are or have been landed immigrants or permanent residents in Canada.
37
immigration key terms
Non-permanent resident:
A person in Canada who has a work or study permit, or who is a refugee claimant.
38
immigration key terms
Emigrant
A Canadian citizen or immigrant who has left Canada to settle permanently in another country.
39
immigration key terms
Place of birth
The name of the geographic location in which a person was born. The geographic location is specified according to the geographic boundaries current at the time of data collection, not the geographic boundaries at the time of birth.
40
for express entry - how many points do you need to immigrate to canada
minimum 67/10
41
Comprehensive Ranking System
The points you get from the CRS include a core set of points up to 600 and a set of additional points of up to 600. Your total score will be out of 1,200.
42
Comprehensive Ranking System
core points
Core: Up to 600 points
Skills and experience factors
Spouse or common-law partner factors, such as their language skills and education
Skills transferability, including education and work experience
43
Comprehensive Ranking System
additional points
Additional: Up to 600 points
Canadian degrees, diplomas or certificates
a valid job offer
a nomination from a province or territory
a brother or sister living in Canada who is a citizen or permanent resident
strong French language skills
44
events that drastically changes immigration trends temporarly
- Government promotes settlement of Western provinces
- Hungarian revolution (refugees)
- “Five Year Plan” to increase immigration in response to economic recession
- Great Depression and World War II
- World War I
45
What does the immigration system tell you about how the government views the role of immigration in society?
the role of immigration in the goverments view is if they are useful and benificial to canadas working economy
46
What is the difference between an immigrant and a refugee?
A refugee is forced to flee for their lives. An immigrant chooses to move to another country.
47
What are some of the reasons that refugees seek asylum in Canada?
Foreign nationals, who fear persecution, who are at serious risk of harm and who cannot get protection in their own country often seek refuge in Canada. People who are recognized as refugees are allowed to stay in Canada and may apply for permanent residence status, and eventually may apply to become Canadian citizens.
48
What are some of the challenges that refugees face when arriving in a Canada?
- Language barriers prevent many otherwise qualified Syrians from getting jobs.
- Lack of childcare prevents many refugees — particularly women — from taking language classes.
- Mental health issues may arise from the trauma that refugees experienced in Syria.
49
What are some of the challenges Canadians face when there is a large influx of refugees?
At the same time, a large majority of Canadians continue to see immigrants as critical to the Canadian economy and don't feel they take jobs away from other Canadians. Close to one-third of Canadians say that too many refugee claimants are not “real” refugees – sharply down from 79% in 1987. After 20 years in Canada, refugees contribute more to Canada in income taxes - not counting all of the other taxes they pay – than they receive in public benefits and services. Refugees create jobs for both themselves and other Canadians.
50
Movie - The Good Lie
Plot Summary: Four Sudanese children are orphaned after their village is massacred in the Second Sudanese Civil War. They make a dangerous trek through the plains, enduring hardship, death and sacrifice all the way until they reach safety in a refugee camp in Kenya. Years later, they are among 3600 selected for resettlement in America, and they must make a new life in Kansas City.
51
myth or fact - “Refugees and immigrants bring crime.”
myth
52
myth or fact - “Immigrants and refugees establish themselves more easily if they are supported by their families.”
FACT: family class immigrants are less likely to be low income than skilled workers immediately after they arrive in Canada.
53
myth or fact - “Refugees pose a threat to national security.”
myth - Refugees and others seeking protection in Canada are not threats to security – they are seeking security and protection from threats to their own lives.
54
myth or fact - “Refugees cost taxpayers a lot in health care costs”
myth - The cost of healthcare for refugees and refugee claimants amounts to just 10% of that of other Canadians.
55
Credentialism defenition
Definition: The belief in or reliance on academic or other formal qualifications as the best measure of a person's intelligence or ability to do a particular job.
56
what is credentialism
Credentialism is to a large degree responsible for people assuming that they NEED a degree (academic)
The term "credentialism" also refers to an over-emphasis on certificates and degrees as a way of determining social status.
57
What are potential drawbacks of Credentialism?
Benefits the wealthy (school = $$!)
Jobs upgrade their requirements (i.e. minimum Bachelor’s degree for most jobs)
Credentials over competence
58
Gig Economy defenition
definition: A labour market characterized by the short-term contracts or freelance work as opposed to permanent jobs
59
Examples of ‘gigs’ (gig economy)
Freelancing
Temp jobs
Sharing economy
I.e. Uber, Lyft
60
What are potential benefits of a "gig economy"
More independence and flexible hours
Opportunity to explore different fields
Less risk of income loss if “laid off”
Reduce cost for employers: May not have to provide benefits to their employees
61
What are potential drawbacks of a "gig economy"
Lack of job security (may be hired for a one-time contract)
No benefits/pension
Lack to cultural solidarity
Large pool of workers - may not feel valued
62
Information Economy values
Knowledge is Value
63
what is Information (information economy)
```
Anything that can be digitized: encoded as a stream of bits
Text, images, video, music, etc.
Content or digital goods
Makes knowledge more accessible
“Goods” are less valuable
```
64
what is Information Economy
- An economy based on the acquisition, dissemination, and use of information, rather than production
- Knowledge is the primary raw material/source of value
- Most workers are information workers
- Most products are information products
65
Examples of Manufacturing Sector employment?
Welder
Seamstress
Aircraft mechanic
66
Examples of Service Sector employment?
Nursing
Housekeeping
Travel and tourism
67
manufacturing sector vs service sector - trends over the years
service sector has lots of ups and downs but stays prominently the same
manufacturing sector used to be above service sector significantly but now is significantly under
68
Other Trends in the Workplace
- Open-concept offices (bye bye cubicles!)
- Hot-desking
- Telecommuting (more prevalent since covid-19)
- Virtual reality for training
- Diversity (gender, multicultural)
69
common law marriage
Common-law marriage, also known as non-ceremonial marriage, sui iuris marriage, informal marriage, or marriage by habit and repute, is a legal framework where a couple may be considered married without having formally registered their relation as a civil or religious marriage.
70
division of labour - marriage
Division of household labor refers to the allocation of duties implicated in keeping a family running smoothly in the private sphere, including tasks such as cleaning, cooking, laundry, and childcare
71
age of first marriage
Mean age at first marriage is the average age of a person when they first get married. For a given calendar year, the mean age of a person at first marriage can be calculated using first marriage rates by age.
72
same sex marriage
marriage between partners of the same sex
73
Polygamy and polyamory
polyamory is the act of having intimate relationships with more than one person at the same time. A polyamorous person might have or might be open to having multiple romantic partners. Polygamy, on the other hand, involves being married to multiple partners.
74
Family law and responsibility
Family Lawyers are responsible for dealing with legal issues that arise between members of the same family. They represent clients in court for contentious cases concerning divorce and domestic violence, but also oversee family estates and offer advice on areas such as adoption and guardianship.
75
Separation and divorce
The difference between separation and divorce
A separation is when two people who have been living together as a married or common-law couple decide to live apart. ... A divorce is when a court officially ends a marriage.
76
Single parent families
A single parent is a person who lives with a child or children and who does not have a spouse or live-in partner. Reasons for becoming a single parent include divorce, break-up, abandonment, domestic violence, rape, death of the other parent, childbirth by a single person or single-person adoption
77
Remarriage
Remarriage is a marriage that takes place after a previous marital union has ended, as through divorce or widowhood
78
first nations and marriage
There was no single or uniform marriage tradition practiced by First Nations and Inuit people before the arrival of the first European explorers and settlers. Marriage rites and customs differed across the continent. Generally, however, marriage was a common practice.
79
indigenous peoples and homelessness
with one in 15 Indigenous people experiencing homelessness in urban areas, compared to one in 128 for the general population. In some rural and northern areas, 70, 80 or even 90 per cent of all homeless families and individuals are Indigenous.
80
Demography
the study of human populations
Size of populations (birth rate, death rate, immigration, emigration)
Education, nationality, religion, other population characteristics
Often considered a field of Sociology
81
Traditionalists
generation born before 1946 (also known as the “silent generation”)
82
Baby Boom
-largest generation, born 1946-1964
-After WWII marriage rates doubled (highest rates in Canadian history)
-Marriage considered the norm and “morally correct” in order to be sexually active
-Marriage, family, and home were main personal goals of most young adults after WWII
-While baby boomers were raised, Canada experienced an economic boom
-Demand for housing increased – created idea of “suburbia”
-New hospitals and schools were built (debt for Canada)
Child-centred education
83
Generation X (Baby Bust)
born 1965-1980 - small generation as fertility rates decreased after Baby Boom
84
Generation Y (Millennials)
born mid 1981 - 1996 “Echo Boom” (children of Baby Boomers)
85
Generation Z
born 1996-2010, a.k.a. Millennium kids
86
Population Changes
Difference in demographic groups due to natural balance between births and deaths and the movement of people
If births > deaths, population rises (called natural increase)
When deaths > births, population declines (called natural decline)
87
Counter Culture
-1960s when the front wave of the baby boomers were teenagers/young adults
-Highly vocal, rule breakers, protest, rebellion against authority, freer attitudes towards sex and drugs, political activism (anti-war, environmental issues)
-Values and behaviours that conflict with society’s norms
-Sexual revolution – births outside marriage increased, technology advanced with the development of the birth control pill (1961)
-Birth rate dropped between 1965 and 1975
Women delay childbearing to work outside the home
88
Aging
Canada faces difficulty as more baby boomers become seniors and dependency load increases
Health care and social services to the elderly are expensive and the need is great
Some baby boomers saved for retirement and/or contributed to RRSPs to help
With emphasis on health and fitness, some baby boomers have a “second career” after retirement
89
Dependency Load
- a measure of the proportion of the national population that is dependent (not actively employed)
- High dependency loads make it difficult for the working population to meet the needs of children and seniors
- Dependency ratio measures dependents to working age persons
90
indigeonous Population growth/mobility
Two main factors have contributed to the growing Aboriginal population: the first is natural growth, which includes increased life expectancy and relatively high fertility rates; the second factor relates to changes in self-reported identification.
91
indigenous education
Indigenous Services Canada (ISC) provides funding for students who ordinarily live on reserve, are 4 to 21 years of age, and are enrolled in and attending an eligible elementary or secondary program.
Appropriate education enables indigenous children and adult learners to exercise and enjoy economic, social and cultural rights. It also strengthens their ability to exercise their civil rights so they can influence political policy processes for enhanced protection of their human rights.
92
indigenous Well-being
For Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people, good health is more than the absence of disease or illness; it is a holistic concept that includes physical, social, emotional, cultural and spiritual wellbeing, for both the individual and the community
93
Métis
Persons who, in addition to their mixed ancestry, developed their own customs, and recognizable group identity separate from their Indian or Inuit and European forebears. (Powley decision)
94
Inuit
Persons whose ancestry traces back to the original inhabitants of Arctic Canada
95
Status Indians
(Registered Indians) Persons eligible to be registered under the Indian Act
96
Non-Status Indians
Persons who self-identify as Indian but are not eligible to be registered under the Indian Act
97
indigenous population
indigenous population surpassed the one-million mark in 2006, up from 976,305 in 2001.
Indigenous people accounted for 3.8% of the total population of Canada enumerated in the 2006 census, up from 3.3% in 2001.
98
indigenous population - age
- The Indigenous population is much younger than the non-Indigenous population.
- In 2006, 48% of the Indigenous population was under the age of 25, compared with 31% of the non-Indigenous population.
- The median age of the Indigenous population was 27 years old, compared with 40 years old for non-Indigenous people.
99
indigenous population - fast growing
The Indigenous population grew six times faster than the non-Indigenous population (47% vs 8%) between 1996 and 2006.
100
indigenous population - urban vs rural
The Indigenous population is increasingly urban (54% in 2006).
101
indigenous population - small communities
According to the 2006 Census,
| 75% of First Nations reserves have fewer than 500 inhabitants.
102
indigenous Community Well-Being Index (CWB)
The Community Well-Being (CWB) Index was developed
to help measure the quality of life of First Nations and Inuit communities in Canada relative to other communities and over time.
This tool uses Statistics Canada’s Census of Population data to produce ‘well-being’ scores for individual communities based on four indicators:
Education (High School Plus; University);
Labour Force (Participation, Employment);
Income (Total per Capita); and,
Housing (Quantity: defined on the basis of overcrowding, Quality: defined based on the need for major repairs).
103
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