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SBI3U > Unit 3 Terms > Flashcards

Unit 3 Terms Flashcards

1
Q

neutral mutation

A

mutation that does not result in any selective advantage or disadvantage

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2
Q

harmful mutation

A

any mutation that reduces the reproductive success of an individual and is therefore selected against
-do not accumulate over time

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3
Q

beneficial mutation

A

any mutation that increases the reproductive success of an organism
- are favoured by natural selection and accumulate over time

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4
Q

artificial selection

A

directed breeding in which individuals that exhibit a particular trait are chosen as parents of the next generation

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5
Q

immutable

A

unable to change

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6
Q

fossil

A

any ancient remains, impressions, or traces of an organism, or traces of its activity that have been preserved in rocks or other mineral deposits in Earth’s crust

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7
Q

paleontology

A

the scientific investigation of prehistoric life through the study of fossils

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8
Q

catsatrophism

A

the theory that the pattern of fossils could be accounted for by a series of global catastrophes that wiped out most species on earth

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9
Q

uniformitarianism

A

the theory that geological changes are slow and gradual and that natural laws and processes have not changed over time

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10
Q

biogeography

A

the scientific study of the geographic distribution of organisms based on both living species and fossils

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11
Q

homologous feature

A

a structure with a common evolutionary origin that may serve different functions in modern species

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12
Q

analogous feature

A

a structure that performs the same function as another bus is not similar in origin or anatomical structure

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13
Q

vestigial feature

A

a rudimentary and non-functioning or (only marginally functioning) structure that is homologous to a fully functioning structure in closely related species

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14
Q

natural selection

A

the way in which nature favours the reproductive success of some individuals within a population over others

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15
Q

survival of the fittest

A

a phrase that has been used to describe the process of natural selection

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16
Q

adaptation

A

a characteristic or feature of a species that makes it well suited for survival or reproductive success in its environment

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17
Q

radiosioptope

A

an atom with an unstable nucleus that is capable of undergoing radioactive decay

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18
Q

half-life (radioactive)

A

the time required for half the quantity of a radioactive substance to undergo decay; the half-life is a constant for any given isotope

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19
Q

modern evolutionary synthesis

A

the modern theory of evolution that takes into account all branches of biology

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20
Q

gene pool

A

the complete set of all alleles contained within a species or population

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21
Q

psurdogene

A

a vestigial gene that no longer codes for the functioning protien

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22
Q

plate tectonics

A

the scientific theory that describes the large-scale movements and features of the earth’s crust

23
Q

directional selection

A

selection that favours an increase or decrease in the value of a trait from the current population average

24
Q

stabilizing selection

A

selection against individuals exhibiting traits that deviate from the current population average

25
Q

disruptive selection

A

selection that favours 2 or more variations of a trait that differ from the current population average

26
Q

sexual selection

A

differential reproductive success caused by variation in the ability to obtain mates
results in sexual dimorphism and mating and courtship behaviours

27
Q

genetic drift

A

changes to allele frequency as a result of chance

- more pronounced in smaller populations

28
Q

genetic bottleneck

A

a dramatic, often temporary reduction in population size usually resulting in significant genetic drift

29
Q

Hardy-Weinberg principle

A

in large populations in which only ransom chance is at work, allele frequencies are expected to remain constant from generation to generation

30
Q

founder effect

A

genetic drift that results when a small number of individuals separate from their original population and establish a new population

31
Q

microevolution

A

changes in gene (allele) frequencies and phenotypic traits within a population and species
-evolution within a species

32
Q

reproductive isolating mechanism

A

any behavioral, structural, or biochemical trait that prevents individuals of different species from reproducing successfully

33
Q

prezygotic mechanism

A

a reproductive isolating mechanism that prevents interspecies mating and fertilization

34
Q

postzygotic mechanism

A

a reproductive isolating mechanism that prevents maturation and reproduction in offspring from interspecies reproduction

35
Q

allopatric speciation

A

the formation of a new species s a result of evolutionary changes following a period of geographic isolation

36
Q

sympatric speciation

A

the evolution of populations withing the same geographic area into separate species

37
Q

adaptive radiation

A

relatively rapid evolution of a single species into any new species, filling a variety of formerly empty ecological niches

38
Q

divergent evolution

A

the large-scale evolution of a group into many different forms

39
Q

convergent evolution

A

the evolution of similar traits in distantly related species

40
Q

coevolution

A

a process in which one species evolves in response to the evolution of another species

41
Q

macroevolution

A

large-scale evolutionary changes including the formation of new species and new taxa
-evolution causing speciation

42
Q

abiogenesis

A

the origin of life from non-living matter

43
Q

Cambrian explosion

A

the rapid evolution of most major animal phyla that took place over approximately 40 million years during the Cambrian period

44
Q

cladistics

A

a method of determining evolutionary relationships based on the presence or absence of recently evolved traits

45
Q

derived trait

A

a trait that has evolved relatively recently with respect to the species or groups being discussed

46
Q

synapomorphy

A

a derived trait shared by 2 or more species or groups

47
Q

theory of gradualism

A

a theory that attributes large evolutionary changes in species to the accumulation of many small and ongoing changes and processes

48
Q

theory of punctuated equilibrium

A

a theory that attributes most revolutionary changes to relatively rapid spurts of change followed by long periods of little or no change

49
Q

transitional form

A

a fossil or species intermediate in form between 2 other species in a direct line of descent

50
Q

primate

A

a group of relatively large-brained, mostly arboreal mammals that includes prosimians, monkeys, apes and humans

51
Q

prosimian

A

the group of primates that includes lemurs, lorises and tarsiers

52
Q

anthropoid

A

the group of primates that includes monkeys, apes and humans

53
Q

hominid

A

all species descended from the most recent common ancestor of chimpanzees and humans that are on the human side of lineage

SBI3U (5 decks)

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