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SBI3U > Unit 2 Terms > Flashcards

Unit 2 Terms Flashcards

1
Q

heredity

A

the passing of traits from parents to offspring

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2
Q

genetics

A

the branch of bio dealing with heredity and the variation of inherited characteristics

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3
Q

deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)

A

a molecule that carries genetic info in cells

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4
Q

gene

A

a segment of DNA molecule that codes for a particular trait

Found at a specific location on a chromosome

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5
Q

Locus

A

The location of a gene on a chromosome

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6
Q

Asexual reproduction

A

The production of offspring from a single parent.

The genetic info of offspring is identical to that of the parent

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7
Q

Polyploid

A

Having more that two sets of chromosomes

ie. Many plants

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8
Q

Sexual reproduction

A

The production of offspring from the fusion of two sex cells (usually from 2 diff parents). Genetic makeup of offspring is different from each parent

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9
Q

Fragmentation

A

A method of asexual reproduction in which a piece or body fragment of the parent organism develops into a mature individual

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10
Q

Mitosis

A

The process by which a eukaryotic cell divides the genetic material in its nucleus into 2 identical nuclei

Basically division of nucleus

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11
Q

Interphase

A

Portion of cell cycle between mitosis divisions where genetic material in the form of chromatin is duplicated

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12
Q

Chromatin

A

Tangled strands of DNA and protein without a eukaryotic nucleus

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13
Q

Sister chromatid

A

The identical copy of a single chromosome that remains attached to the original chromosome at the centromere

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14
Q

Cytokinesis

A

The process by which a eukaryotic cell divides its cytoplasm into 2 new daughter cells

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15
Q

Cloning

A

The process of producing one individual that is genetically identical to another, using a single cell or tissue

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16
Q

Biotechnology

A

The use and modification of organisms for applications in engineering, industry and medicine

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17
Q

Genetically modified organism

A

An organism in which genetic material has been altered using genetic engineering techniques

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18
Q

Gamete

A

Sex cell

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19
Q

Fertilization

A

Formation of a zygote by the joining together or fusion of 2 gametes

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20
Q

Zygote

A

A cell produced by the fusion of 2 gametes

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21
Q

Meiosis

A

A two stage cell division in which the resulting daughter cells have half the number of chromosomes as the parent cell.
Results in the production of gametes or spores

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22
Q

Homologous chromosomes

A

Matching pairs of chromosomes similar in size and carrying the info for the same genes

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23
Q

Tetrad

A

A pair of homologous chromosomes each with 2 sister chromatids

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24
Q

Synapsis

A

The physical pairing up of homologous chromosomes during prophase I of meiosis

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25
Q

Crossing over

A

The exchange of chromosome segments between homologous pairs during synopsis

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26
Q

Karyotype

A

The chromosomes of an individual that have been sorted and arranged according to size and shape.
P.158

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27
Q

Sex chromosomes

A

Chromosomes that differ in males and females of the same species. The combination of sex chromosomes determines the sex of the offspring

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28
Q

Autosomes

A

Non sex chromosomes

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29
Q

Non disjunction

A

The failure of homologous chromosomes to more to opposite poles of the cell during meiosis
Results in an abnormal number of chromosomes in the daughter cells

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30
Q

Trisomy

A

Chromosomal abnormality in which there are 3 homologous chromosomes in place of a homologous pair

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31
Q

Monosomy

A

A chromosomal abnormality in which there is a single chromosome in place of a homologous pair

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32
Q

Prenatal testing

A

Testing for a genetic disorder that occurs prior to birth

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33
Q

Maternal inheritance

A

A type of inheritance in which a zygote formed from two gametes inherits cytoplasmic DNA from only the female gamete

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34
Q

Paternal inheritance

A

A type of inheritance in which a zygote formed from two gametes inherits cytoplasmic DNA from only the male gamete

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35
Q

Trait

A

A particular version of a characteristic that is inherited ie hair colour, blood type

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36
Q

True-breeding organism

A

Organism that produces offspring that are genetically identical for one or more traits when self pollinated or when crossed with another true breeding organism

37
Q

Hybrid

A

The offspring of two different true breeding plants

38
Q

Cross

A

The successful mating of 2 organisms from distinct genetic lines

39
Q

P generation

A

The parent plants used in a cross

40
Q

F1 generation

A

The offspring of a P generation cross

41
Q

Monohybrid

A

The offspring of two different true breeding plants that differ in only one characteristic

42
Q

Monohybrid cross

A

A cross designed to study the inheritance of only one trait

43
Q

F2 generation

A

Offspring of an F1 generation cross

44
Q

Law of segregation (2)

A

states that

  1. organisms inherit 2 copies of genes; one from each parent
  2. organisms donate one copy of each gene to their gametes because the genes separate during gamete formation
45
Q

allele

A

a diff/specific form of a gene

46
Q

homozygous

A

describes an individual that carries 2 of the same alleles for a given characteristic

47
Q

heterozygous

A

describes an individual that carries 2 diff alleles for a given characteristic

48
Q

genotype

A

the genetic makeup of an individual

49
Q

phenotype

A

physical appearance of an individual

50
Q

dominant allele

A

the allele that is always expressed when present

51
Q

recessive allele

A

the allele that is expressed only if it is not in the presence of the dominant allele ie. being homozygous recessive

52
Q

test cross

A

a cross used to determine the genotype of an individual expressing the dominant a dominant trait
helps to see if they are homo dom or heterozygous

53
Q

complete dominance

A

situation where an allele will determine the genotype of an individual (ie, there is a dominant and a recessive allele)

54
Q

incomplete dominance

A

situation where neither allele dominates the other, resulting in partial expression of both alleles

55
Q

codominance

A

situation where both alleles are expressed fully to produce offspring with a 3rd genotype (ie in cows red + white = roan)

56
Q

pedigree (chart)

A

a diagram of an individual’s ancestors used in human genetics to analyze the Mendelian inheritance of a certain trait

57
Q

autosomal inheritance

A

inheritance of alleles located on autosomal (non sex chromosomes)

58
Q

sex-linked

A

describes an allele that is found on one of the sec chromosomes (X or Y) and is expressed when passed on to offspring

59
Q

X-linked

A

phenotypic expression of an allele that is found on the X chromosome

60
Q

Y-linked

A

phenotypic expression of an allele that is found on the Y chromosome

61
Q

mutation

A

a change in the genetic code of an allele; can have a positive, negative or no effect

62
Q

carrier testing

A

a genetic test that determines whether an individual is heterozygous for a given gene that results in a genetic disorder

63
Q

genetic screening

A

tests used to identify the presence of a defective allele that leads to a genetic disorder

64
Q

dihybrid cross

A

a cross that involves two genes, each consisting of heterozygous alleles

65
Q

law of independent assortment

A

if genes are located on separate chromosomes, they will be inherited independently of one another

66
Q

product law

A

the probability of 2 independent random events both occurring is the product of the individual probabilities of the events

67
Q

discontinuous variation

A

when the expression of products of one gene has no bearing on the expression of the products of a second gene

68
Q

continuous variation

A

when the product of one gene is affected by the product of another gene, the gene products may be additive or one product may negate another product

69
Q

additive allele

A

an allele that has a partial influence on phenotype

70
Q

nucleotide

A

the repeating unit of DNA

71
Q

chromosome mutation

A

an error that involves an entire chromosome or a large part of a chromosome

72
Q

spontaneous mutation

A

mutation that is not caused by any outside factors, occurring randomly

73
Q

induced mutation

A

mutation that occurs bc of exposure to an outside factor

ie. second hand smoke increases the chance of developing lung cancer

74
Q

antibiotic resistant

A

describes strains of bacteria that are no longer susceptible to the effects of antibiotics. sometimes called superbugs and are prevalent in hospital settings

75
Q

transponson

A

a specific segment of DNA that can move along or between the chromosomes

76
Q

transposition

A

the process of moving a gene sequence from one part of the chromosome to another part of the chromsome

77
Q

microarray

A

a small membrane or glass slide that has been coated in a predictable and organized manner with a genomic sequence

78
Q

human genome

A

the sequence of DNA nitrogenous bases found on the 23 sets of chromosomes in humans

79
Q

coding DNA

A

a region of DNA that contains a sequence of nucleotides that will be expressed; a gene

80
Q

non-coding DNA

A

a region of DNA that does not contain a sequence of nucleotides that will be expressed

81
Q

functional genomics

A

the study of the relationship between genes and their function

82
Q

model organism

A

an organism that can be used to study biological functions of another organism, due to its genetic similarity

83
Q

DNA bank

A

a database of DNA sequences, can be from plants, animals, humans

84
Q

DNA fingerprinting

A

a pattern of bands on a gene that is unique to each individual

85
Q

restriction enzyme

A

a molecule that has the ability to cut DNA at a specific site. diff restriction enzymes recognize and cut diff sites

86
Q

recombinant DNA

A

a fragment of DNA that consists of nucleotide sequences from at least two different sources

87
Q

gene therapy

A

the process by which defective genes in a genome are corrected with a normal copy of the gene

88
Q

target cell

A

one of the cells that contain the faulty gene to be corrected

89
Q

vector

A

any agent , such as a plasmid or a virus, capable of inserting a piece of DNA into a cell

SBI3U (5 decks)

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