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BIO 201/205 > Unit 3 terms > Flashcards

Unit 3 terms Flashcards

(84 cards)

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1
Q

thermoregulation

A

maintaining body heat influx and efflux

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2
Q

conduction (gain or lose)

A

transfer of kinetic energy through physical contact

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3
Q

convection (gain or lose)

A

exchange of heat through fluid

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4
Q

radiation (gain or lose)

A

heat exchange through emission

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5
Q

evaporation

A

body loses heat by phase change of liquid

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6
Q

metabolism

A

biochemical activity that produces heat

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7
Q

physiological regulation

A

adjusting things like a) blood flow to skin or b) metabolic rate to survive in surrounding temperatures

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8
Q

environmental conformation

A

change body temperature to match the environment

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9
Q

behavioral regulation

A

regulating body temperature using the environment (reptiles sunbathing)

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10
Q

endotherm

A

produces substantial internal heat

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11
Q

ectotherm

A

doesn’t produce substantial internal heat

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12
Q

homeotherm

A

steady body temperature

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13
Q

heterotherm

A

variable body temperature

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14
Q

torpor/hibernation

A

animals let their body temperatures drop to be closer to the environmental temperatures

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15
Q

countercurrent exchange

A

blood that travels to the surface of the body transfers heat to the blood leaving the surface to maintain internal temperatures

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16
Q

osmoregulation

A

regulation of overall osmolarity and water in the ECF; disposing of nitrogenous waste

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17
Q

excretion

A

removal of unwanted substances from ECF

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18
Q

secretion

A

removal from ECF

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19
Q

absorption

A

moving into ECF

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20
Q

reabsorption

A

moving into ECF what was previously there

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21
Q

filtration

A

movement through a biological sieve

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22
Q

nitrogenous waste (+ 3 types)

A

end products of protein metabolism
1. ammonia
2. urea
3. uric acid

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23
Q

ammonia

A

most energy efficient, very toxic – best in aquatic environments

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24
Q

urea

A

medium energy efficiency and toxicity - terrestrial environments

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25
uric acid
most energy needed, least toxic – birds; reptiles
26
marine shark osmoregulation
*sharks are osmoconformers (match the seawater) but have lower levels of Na+ *gain water through FOOD and their METABOLISM and lose it through URINE *gain ions through GILLS (and food) and lose it through RECTAL GLAND
27
freshwater fish
*in hyposmotic environments *gain water through GILLS (and food, metabolism) and lose it through weakly concentrated URINE *gain ions through ACTIVE TRANSPORT and dispose of them through DIFFUSION
28
marine fish
*in hyperosmotic environments *gain water through DRINKING and lose it through DIFFUSION *gain ions through DIFFUSION and lose them through ACTIVE TRANSPORT
29
desert tortoise
*gain water through eating/drinking and lose it by evaporation and urine *gain ions through food and lose in urine
30
humans
*keratin in skin helps prevent water loss *kidneys help produce highly concentrated urine
31
what is unique about mammals and birds
they can make urine that is more concentrated than their body fluid
32
renal corpuscle
initial creation of fluid/urine
33
proximal tubule
helps us reabsorb nutrients we need
34
Loop of Henle
reabsorb water on the way down, reabsorb ions on the way up
35
distal tubule
water gets pulled out of solution
36
collecting duct
controls final concentration of urine
37
medullary thickness
the thicker the medulla the more concentration the urine can hold
38
chitin in insects
makes insects very impermeable to water loss
39
malpighian tubules
active transport ions and water in to move into the gut to be excreted
40
bulk flow
movement of air and water driven by pressure differences
41
ventilation
bringing fresh air/water into contact with the respiratory system
42
gas exchange
diffusion of gas between the environment and ECF across the respiratory surface
43
partial pressure
the fraction of a gas relative to the total mixed gas
44
simple gills
flattened extensions of aquatic animals that increase SA
45
complex gills
large SA; use active one-way ventilation to bring oxygen from water in
46
countercurrent exchange in gills
blood flows opposite of water so oxygen can diffuse into the less oxygenated blood as they pass
47
tracheal systems
tubes that carry air throughout insects so oxygen can diffuse into their bodies
48
positive pressure ventilation
push a mouthful of air into lungs
49
negative pressure ventilation
expand lungs to force air to be drawn in
50
tidal system
bring air in and reverse to push it back out
51
structure/route of mammalian lungs
*lungs contain several alveoli in a capillary net that help with gas exchange trachea-bronchi-bronchioles-alveoli
52
elasticity in mammalian lungs
diaphragm expands and increases the volume around the lungs which results in increased pressure - air gets drawn in to the lungs
53
what is different about avian ventilation?
birds have lungs that exchange gas without expanding - PARABRONCHI
54
what is the respiration process in birds?
air enters the mouth and moves to the posterior airsac; moves through lungs to anterior airsac; exits mouth
55
what are the parts of a circulatory system?
blood vessels, heart, blood
56
what does circulating blood do besides distribute oxygen?
move nutrients, distribute hormones, distribute heat, create hydrostatic pressure
57
open system
vessels are emptied and blood later re-enters the vessel system
58
closed system
blood remains in the vessels the entire time
59
key difference between open and closed systems?
open: slower-moving animals closed: mobile, active animals *insects with tracheal systems are an exception
60
peristaltic heart
low pressure contracting to move blood
61
chambered heart
one-way valves that generate high pressure
62
capillaries
thinnest blood vessel; slow flow, best for diffusion
63
arteries
thick walls, high speed and pressure
64
arterioles
smaller version of arteries
65
venules
thinner walled
66
veins
bigger version of venules; high speed but low pressure
67
how does pressure change across the blood vessels?
blood pressure decreases from Arteries - arterioles - capillaries - venules - veins
68
how is blood flow affected?
through the diameter of arterioles
69
fish circulatory system
1 circuit; 2 chambers
70
amphibian circulatory system
2 circuits; 3 chambers
71
mammalian and bird circulatory systems
2 circuits; 4 chambers
72
systemic circuite
LEFT atrium and ventricle move oxygen out to the body
73
pulmonary circuit
RIGHT atrium and ventricle move oxygen to the heart from the lungs
74
atrioventricular valves (AV)
allow blood to move from atria to ventricles
75
semilunar valves (SL)
allow blood to move from ventricles to arteries
76
systole
contracted state
77
diastole
relaxed state
78
how can oxygen delivery be increased
increased blood movement and greater oxygen extraction rate
79
hemoglobin
iron-based
80
hemocyanin
copper-based
81
CO2 in the blood
CO2 converts into bicarbonate; ECF becomes more acidic - negative feedback response
82
membrane potential
charge/voltage that exists across the membrane
83
endocrine system
secretes hormones
84
hormone
chemical messenger in the blood

BIO 201/205 (7 decks)

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