Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

BIO 201/205 > Unit 2 terms > Flashcards

Unit 2 terms Flashcards

1
Q

diffusion

A

the movement of particles from areas of high concentration to areas of low concentration

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

osmosis

A

diffusion applicable to particles of water

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

osmolarity

A

the combined concentration of all solutes in a solution

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

which particles diffuse easily

A

small, uncharged particles

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

which particles don’t diffuse easily

A

large, uncharged particles
charged particles (ions)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

electrochemical gradient

A

combination of concentration and electric potential

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

electrochemical equilibrium

A

when charge and concentration are equal

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

isosmotic

A

osmolarities are equal

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

hyperosmotic

A

more concentrated

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

hyposmotic

A

less concentrated

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

water potential

A

tendency of water to move

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

hydrostatic pressure (pressure potential)

A

the “pushing” force on water due to more fluid occupying one region than another (pushes water out)
positive

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

osmotic pressure (solute potential)

A

the “pulling” force on water due to solutes present in the solution (pulls water in)
negative

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

water cohesion/adhesion (matrix potential)

A

tendency of water molecules to stick to each other and their environment (pulls water in)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

simple diffusion

A

the movement of molecules through cell membranes without help from channels or pumps

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

cell membranes

A

phospholipid bilayer where the heads are hydrophilic/lipophobic and the tails are hydrophobic/lipophilic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

simple diffusion

A

when particles can pass through the cell membrane easily

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

channel protein (permeation)

A

pore for particles to pass through the membrane
usually specialized for a certain particle

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

carrier protein (facilitated diffusion)

A

protein that “grabs” particles and undergoes a confirmation change that pulls the particle across the cell membrane

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

concentration gradient

A

a region of space over which the concentration of a substance changes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

primary active transport

A

uses a cell’s energy (ATP) directly to move molecules across the cell membrane - against the gradient

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

secondary active transport (cotransport)

A

uses an electrochemical gradient – generated by active transport – as an energy source to move molecules against their gradient
does not directly require a chemical source of energy such as ATP

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

symporter

A

the protein during secondary active transport that moves molecules in the same direction

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

antiporter

A

the protein during secondary active transport that moves molecules in opposite directions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
body size effects
surface area increases at a slower rate than volume; SA:V ratio decreases as size increases * SA ɑ L^2 * V ɑ L^3 increased distance b/n surface and center *both reduce diffusion rate*
26
Claude Bernard's (French) contributions to physiology
cells are exposed to an internal environment that must be regulated
27
negative feedback loop
counteracts various properties to regulate homeostasis
28
signal
a deviation from the set point *positive: above - yields negative response
29
cell wall
composed of cellulose, pectin, and lignin *primary cell wall: more flexible due to pectin *secondary cell wall: more rigid due to lignin
30
plasmodesmata
openings between adjacent plant cells
31
what parts of plant cells are unique to plants?
cell wall, central vacuoles, chloroplasts
32
root system
stores most of a plant's energy underground *goal is to maximize water intake - roots have large SA *roots are thin and long and absorb with root hairs
33
root cap
layer of dead cells that allow roots to move through soil
34
shoot structure
supports leaves and flowers; transports materials
35
node
*root: the split between two parts of a stem
36
bud
*root: a place of new growth
37
modifications of shoots
asexual growth - wild strawberries food - tubers protection - thorns
38
leaf system
sunlight harvester
39
modifications of leaves
food - onions water storage - succulents tendrils floral mimics spines traps - venus fly trap
40
2 type of plant development
growth and differentiation
41
meristems
location of plant growth (all plant growth occurs at meristems)
42
totipotent cells
produced by meristems; can differentiate into any type of cell
43
apical meristems (primary growth)
make plants longer at shoots or roots
44
lateral meristems (secondary growth)
make plants wider (internally or externally)
45
after cells form they _____
expand
46
cells expand by
loosening cell walls creating turgor pressure
47
how do plant cells create turgor pressure?
1. move solute into cell vacuoles 2. water enters the cell via osmosis
48
indeterminate growth
plants can continually grow new tissue
49
what are the three types of tissue?
meristems will turn into one of these three: 1. dermal: outer edge of plant 2. vascular: transport fluids 3. ground: everything else
50
dermal tissue
*outer layer of epidermal cells that help protect the plant cuticle: lubricant to prevent water loss stomata: pores that allow gas exchange in dermal tissue trichomes: hair-like extensions that help protect the plant
51
ground tissue
three subtypes: 1. parenchyma 2. collenchyma 3. sclerenchyma
52
parenchyma
some are photosynthetic or provide storage *still totipotent
53
collenchyma
provide structural support to shoots
54
sclerenchyma
much stiffer: contain lignin (wood) and provide seeds with their hard outer layer
55
vascular tissue
main function is transportation *xylem and phloem (both mixes of cell types)
56
xylem
transport water and nutrients up from roots to leaves *dead at maturity
57
phloem
transport sugars, etc. down from leaves to roots *alive at maturity
58
two types of xylem
1. tracheids: found in all vascular plants 2. vessel elements: only found in angiosperms
59
tracheids
overlap, water passes from cell to cell at places of overlap *thin primary cell wall
60
vessel elements
more stacked structure *only a secondary cell wall
61
two types of phloem
1. sieve tube elements (STE) 2. companion cells
62
sieve tube elements (STE)
transport sugars similarly to vessel elements in xylem *lack most organelles
63
companion cells
support system for STEs
64
secondary growth
lateral meristems help produce wood and increase width of a plant
65
two types of secondary growth cells
1. vascular cambium 2. cork cambium
66
vascular cambium
produce secondary xylem (inner) and phloem (outer)
67
cork cambium
outside of phloem; provides protection in place of epidermal cells
68
annual growth rings
early in the year: larger cells later in the year: smaller cells
69
surface tension
water molecules cohere to each other at the surface
70
three factors of water potential
cohesion adhesion surface tension
71
cohesion-tension system
evaporation of water in small air spaces within leaves creates very low water potential *water is pulled up to the leaves by xylem
72
transpiration
evaporation within leaves of a plant
73
translocation
movement of sugars from leaves (sources) to roots (sinks) by phloem
74
phloem loading
sugars move into phloem *water potential gets really high
75
phloem unloading
sugars move out of phloem *water potential lowers
76
3 categories of plant response
phototropism gravitropism thigmotropism
77
tropism
directional growth in response to stimuli *positive: towards *negative: away from
78
morphogenesis
non-directional growth response to stimuli
79
phototropism
growth response to light - positive
80
thigmotropism
growth response to touch - positive
81
gravitropism
growth response to gravity: *positive in roots *negative in shoots
82
thigmomorphogenesis
change in shape due to instability - plants won't grow as tall if they sense it will make them unstable
83
nastic movements
movement in response to stimuli (NOT GROWTH) ex. folding of leaves, venus fly traps
84
thigmonastic movement
movement in response to touch
85
nycinasty
movements based on time of day ex. flowers/leaves opening or closing
86
3 steps in responding to stimuli
1. perception 2. transduction 3. response
87
perception
stimuli can be light, touch, gravity
88
transduction
receptor cells convert info on the stimulus into a message (usually a hormone)
89
response
responder cells receive the message from receptor cells and the plant changes in some way
90
coleoptile
outermost region in a shoot that helps protect tissue as it pushes through the soil
91
auxin
the chemical messenger for growth
92
auxin experiment conclusions
1. the tip of a coleoptile is where light is sensed 2. the messenger (auxin) is a hydrophilic chemical 3. auxin promotes growth where it can reach in the shoot tissue 4. auxin is manufactured equally on both sides and transported to the side with less light
93
stolon
above ground stem for modified reproduction
94
rhizome
underground stem for modified reproduction
95
systemin
a hormone that plants release *makes animals sick
96
how does blue light interact with plants?
protons are pumped out by protein carrier, ions move into the cells, water follows *stomata opens due to turgor pressure
97
how do plants react to dry states?
when roots are dry they release ABA *ABA stops the protein pumps in stomata *ions exit, water exits too, stomata close
98
what are the male parts of a flower?
stamen: 1. anthers: produce pollen 2. filaments: hold up anthers
99
what are the female parts of a flower?
carpels: 1. stigma: receives pollen 2. holds up stigma 3. ovaries
100
what are the male gametophytes?
pollen (mulitcellular)
101
what are the female gametophytes?
egg + central cell
102
which plant groups are gametophyte-dominant?
mosses (nonvascular)
103
which plant groups are sporophyte-dominant?
angiosperms and gymnosperms
104
soil
usually composed of organic clay with a negative charge *positive ions stick to it
105
holoparasites
completely dependent on the host plant (nonphotosynthetic)
106
hemiparasites
not completely dependent on host plant (semi photosynthetic)
107
epiphytes
grow on other plants but are not parasitic
108
1. primitive groups
*lack coelom 1. porifera (sponges): least derived 2. cnidaria (jellyfish): stingers; many tissue types
109
2. protostomes (triploblastic; bilateral; cephalization)
1. lophotrochozoa (NO MOLTING) 2. ecdysozoa (MOLTING)
110
lophotrochozoa
1. platyhelminthes (flatworms): limited organs 2. anneliola: two gut openings 3. mollusca: radula - bivalvia, gastropoda, cephalopoda
111
ecdysozoa
1. nematoda: mostly parasitic 2. arthropoda: EXOSKELETON OF CHITIN 3. chelicerata (spiders, ticks): mostly venomous 4. crustacea (lobsters): mostly aquatic 5. insecta: 3 BODY SECTIONS
112
3. deuterostomes (all triploblastic; almost all coelomate)
1. echinodermata (sea stars, urchins): tube feet; radial symmetry 2. chordata (tunicates): mostly aquatic
113
vertebrata
skull and vertebral column
114
chondrichthyes (sharks)
cartilaginous skeleton
115
actinopterygii
highly diverse
116
tetraphoda
4 limbs; terrestrial 1. amphibia: water to reproduce 2. amniota: eggs can be on land
117
reptilia and aves
*closely related amniota

BIO 201/205 (7 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions