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Intro Biology 101 > Unit 3 Terminology > Flashcards

Unit 3 Terminology Flashcards

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1
Q

Photosynthesis

A

The conversion of light energy to chemical energy; occurs in plants, algae, and certain prokaryotes

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2
Q

Autotrophs

A

Self feeders. They sustain themselves without eating anything denied from other living beings

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3
Q

Heterotrophs

A

Obtain their organic material by the second major mock of nutrition. Unable to their own food

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4
Q

Saprophagous

A

Pertaining to animals that feed on other dead animals and/or dead plants

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5
Q

Mesophyll

A

Leaf cells specialized for photosynthesis

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6
Q

Stoma

A

A microscopic pore surrounded guard cells in the epidermis of leaves and stems that allows gas exchange between environment and the interior of the plant

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7
Q

Stroma

A

The dense fluid within the chloroplast surrounding the thylakoid membrane

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8
Q

Chlorophyll

A

A green pigment located in membranes within the chloroplast of plants and algae and in the membranes of certain prokaryotes

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9
Q

Carbon Fixation

A

The initial incorporation of carbon from CO2 into an organic compound by an autotrophic organism

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10
Q

Photosystem

A

A light capturing unit located in the thylakoid membrane of the chloroplast or in the membrane of some prokaryotes, consisting of a reaction centre complex surrounded by numerous light harvesting complexes

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11
Q

Thylakoid

A

A flattened, membranous sac inside a chloroplast- the membrane converts light energy to chemical energy

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12
Q

Light harvesting complex

A

A group of proteins associated with pigment molecules that captures light energy and transfers it to reaction centre pigments in a photosystem

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13
Q

Photorespiration

A

A metabolic pathway in plants that consumes oxygen and ATP, releases carbon dioxide and decreases photosynthetic output

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14
Q

Bundle sheath cells

A

In C4 plants, a type of photosynthetic cell arranged into tightly packed cylinder around the veins of a leaf

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15
Q

Apoptosis

A

Programmed cell death brought about by activation of enzymes that break down the cell

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16
Q

Signal transduction

A

The linkage of a stimulus to a specific cellular response.

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17
Q

Ligand

A

A molecule that binds specifically to another molecule, usually a larger one.

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18
Q

Kinase

A

An enzyme the catalyzes the transfer of phosphate groups

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19
Q

Scaffolding protein

A

A large relay protein to which several other relay proteins are attached, increasing the efficiency of signal transduction .

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20
Q

Genome

A

The genetic material of an organism or virus

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21
Q

Chromosome

A

A cellular structure carrying genetic material, found in the nucleus of eukaryotic cells. Each chromosome consist of one very long DNA molecule and associated proteins

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22
Q

Chromatin

A

The complex of DNA and proteins that makes up eukaryotic chromosomes

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23
Q

Gamete

A

A haploid reproductive cell, such as an egg or sperm

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24
Q

Centromere

A

In a duplicated chromosome, the region on each sister chromatid where they are most closely attached to each other by proteins

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25
Q

Centrosome

A

A structure in the cytoplasm of animal cells contain gin two centrioles that function as a microtubule organizing centre. It where the mitotic spindle begins to form .

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26
Q

Kinetochore

A

A structure of proteins attached to the centromere that links each sister chromatic to the mitotic spindle

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27
Q

Cleavage

A

The process of cytokinesis in animal cells, the punching of the plasma membrane

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28
Q

Cleave furrow

A

The first sign of cleavage in an animal cell; a shallow groove around the cell in the cell surface near the metaphase plate

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29
Q

Cell plate

A

A membrane bound, flattened sac located at the midline of a dividing plato cell inside which the new cell wall forms during cytokinesis

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30
Q

Binary fission

A

A method of asexual reproduction by dividing in half

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31
Q

Checkpoint

A

A control point in the cell cycle where str and go ahead signals can regulate the cycle

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32
Q

Go phase

A

A non dividing state occupied by cells that have left the cell cycle, sometimes irreversibly

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33
Q

Transformation

A

The conversion of a normal animal cell to a cancerous cell

34
Q

Metastasis

A

The spread of cancer cells to locations distance from their original site

35
Q

Heredity

A

The transmission of traits from one generation to the next

36
Q

Genetics

A

The scientific study of heredity and hereditary variation

37
Q

Gene

A

A discrete unit of hereditary information consisting of a specific nucleotide sequence

38
Q

Somatic cell

A

Any cell in a multicellular organism except a sperm or egg or their precursors

39
Q

Locus

A

A specific place along the length of a chromosome where a given gene is located

40
Q

Clone

A

lineage of genetically identical individuals or cells

41
Q

Life cycle

A

The generation to generation sequence of stages in the reproductive history of an organisms, form conception to product not its own offspring

42
Q

Karyotype

A

A display of the chromosome pairs of access arranged by size and shape

43
Q

Homologous chromosomes s

A

A pair of chromosome of the same length, centromere position, and staining patter that posses genes of the same characters corresponding loci

44
Q

Autosome

A

A chromosome that is not directly involved in determining sex; not a sex chromosome

45
Q

Fertilization

A

The union of haploid gametes to produce a diploid zygote

46
Q

zygote

A

The diploid cell produced by the union of haploid gametes during fertilization; a fertilized egg

47
Q

Meiosis

A

A modified type of cell division in sexually reproducing organisms consisting of two rounds of cell division but only one round of DNA replication. It results in cells with half the number of chromosome sets as the original cell

48
Q

Alternation of generations

A

A life cycle in which there is both a multicellular diploid from, the sporophyte, and multicellular haploid from, the gametophyte

49
Q

Gametophyte.

A

In organisms that have alternation of of generations, the multicellular haploid form that produces haploid gametes by mitosis. The haploid gametes unite and develop into sporophytes

50
Q

Sporophyte

A

In organisms that have alternation of generations, the multicellular diploid form that results from the union of gametes. The sporophytes produces haploid spores by meiosis that develop into gametophytes

51
Q

Allele

A

Any of the alternative version of a gene that may produce distinguishable phenotypic effects

52
Q

Synapsis

A

The paring and physical connections of duplicate homologous chromosomes during prophase I of meiosis

53
Q

Crossing over

A

The reciprocal exchange of genetic material between non sister chromatids during prophase I of meiosis

54
Q

Chisma

A

The X-shaped, microscopically visible region where crossing over has occurred earlier in prophase I between homologous insister chromatids

55
Q

Recombinant chromosome

A

A chromosome created when crossing over combines DNA from two parent into a single chromosome

56
Q

Character

A

An observable heritable feature that may vary among individuals

57
Q

Trat

A

One of two or more detectable variants in a genetic character

58
Q

True-breeding

A

Referring to organisms that produce offspring of the same variety over any generation of self-pollination

59
Q

Hybridization

A

In genetics, the mating, or crossing, of two true breeding varieties

60
Q

Punnett square

A

A diagram used in the study of inheritance to show the predicted genotypic results of random fertilization in genetic crosses between individuals of known genotype

61
Q

Homozygous

A

Having two identical alleles for a given gene

62
Q

Heterozygous

A

Having two different alleles for a given gene

63
Q

Phenotype

A

The observable anatomical and physiological traits of an organism, which are determined by its genetic makeup

64
Q

Genotype

A

The genetic makeup, or set of alleles, of an organism

65
Q

Testcross

A

Breeding an organism of unknown genotype with a homozygous recessive individual to determined the unknown genotype. tHe ratio of phenotypes i the offspring reveals the known genotype

66
Q

Monohybrid

A

An organisms that is heterozygous with the respect to as single gene of interest

67
Q

Monohybrid cross

A

A cross between two organisms that are heterozygous for the character being followed

68
Q

Dihybrid

A

An organisms that is heterozygous with respect to two genes of interest. All the offspring from a cross between parents doubly homozygous for different alleles are dihybrids

69
Q

Dihybrid cross

A

A cross between two organisms that are each heterozygous for both of the characters being followed

70
Q

Multiplication rule

A

A rule of probability stating that the probability of any one of two or more independent events occurring together can be determined by multiplying their individual probabilities

71
Q

Addition rule

A

A rule of probability stating that the probability of any one of two or more mutually exclusive events occurring can be determined by adding their individual probabilities

72
Q

Incomplete dominance

A

The situation in which the phenotype of heterozygotes is intermediate between the phenotypes of individuals homozygous for either allele

73
Q

Complete dominance

A

The situation in which the phenotypes of the heterozygote and dominant homozygote are indistinguishable

74
Q

Codominance

A

The situation in which the phenotypes of both alleles are exhibited in the heterozygote because both alleles affect the phenotype in separate, distinguishable ways

75
Q

Pleiotropy

A

The ability of a siege gene to have multiple effects

76
Q

Epistasis

A

A type of gene interaction win which the phenotypic expression of on gene alters that of another independently inherited gene

77
Q

Polygenic inheritance

A

An additive effect of two or more genes on a single phenotypic character

78
Q

Norm of reaction

A

The range of phenotype produced by a single genotype, due to environmental influences

79
Q

Pedigree

A

A diagram of a family tree showing the occurrence of heritable characters in parent and offspring over multiple generations

80
Q

Carrier

A

An individual who is heterozygous at a given genetic locus for a recessively inherited disorder. The heterozygote is generally phenotypically normal for the disorder but can pass on the recessive allele to offspring

Intro Biology 101 (5 decks)

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