Unit 3 Terminology Flashcards
Photosynthesis
The conversion of light energy to chemical energy; occurs in plants, algae, and certain prokaryotes
Autotrophs
Self feeders. They sustain themselves without eating anything denied from other living beings
Heterotrophs
Obtain their organic material by the second major mock of nutrition. Unable to their own food
Saprophagous
Pertaining to animals that feed on other dead animals and/or dead plants
Mesophyll
Leaf cells specialized for photosynthesis
Stoma
A microscopic pore surrounded guard cells in the epidermis of leaves and stems that allows gas exchange between environment and the interior of the plant
Stroma
The dense fluid within the chloroplast surrounding the thylakoid membrane
Chlorophyll
A green pigment located in membranes within the chloroplast of plants and algae and in the membranes of certain prokaryotes
Carbon Fixation
The initial incorporation of carbon from CO2 into an organic compound by an autotrophic organism
Photosystem
A light capturing unit located in the thylakoid membrane of the chloroplast or in the membrane of some prokaryotes, consisting of a reaction centre complex surrounded by numerous light harvesting complexes
Thylakoid
A flattened, membranous sac inside a chloroplast- the membrane converts light energy to chemical energy
Light harvesting complex
A group of proteins associated with pigment molecules that captures light energy and transfers it to reaction centre pigments in a photosystem
Photorespiration
A metabolic pathway in plants that consumes oxygen and ATP, releases carbon dioxide and decreases photosynthetic output
Bundle sheath cells
In C4 plants, a type of photosynthetic cell arranged into tightly packed cylinder around the veins of a leaf
Apoptosis
Programmed cell death brought about by activation of enzymes that break down the cell
Signal transduction
The linkage of a stimulus to a specific cellular response.
Ligand
A molecule that binds specifically to another molecule, usually a larger one.
Kinase
An enzyme the catalyzes the transfer of phosphate groups
Scaffolding protein
A large relay protein to which several other relay proteins are attached, increasing the efficiency of signal transduction .
Genome
The genetic material of an organism or virus
Chromosome
A cellular structure carrying genetic material, found in the nucleus of eukaryotic cells. Each chromosome consist of one very long DNA molecule and associated proteins
Chromatin
The complex of DNA and proteins that makes up eukaryotic chromosomes
Gamete
A haploid reproductive cell, such as an egg or sperm
Centromere
In a duplicated chromosome, the region on each sister chromatid where they are most closely attached to each other by proteins
Centrosome
A structure in the cytoplasm of animal cells contain gin two centrioles that function as a microtubule organizing centre. It where the mitotic spindle begins to form .
Kinetochore
A structure of proteins attached to the centromere that links each sister chromatic to the mitotic spindle
Cleavage
The process of cytokinesis in animal cells, the punching of the plasma membrane
Cleave furrow
The first sign of cleavage in an animal cell; a shallow groove around the cell in the cell surface near the metaphase plate
Cell plate
A membrane bound, flattened sac located at the midline of a dividing plato cell inside which the new cell wall forms during cytokinesis
Binary fission
A method of asexual reproduction by dividing in half
Checkpoint
A control point in the cell cycle where str and go ahead signals can regulate the cycle
Go phase
A non dividing state occupied by cells that have left the cell cycle, sometimes irreversibly
Transformation
The conversion of a normal animal cell to a cancerous cell
Metastasis
The spread of cancer cells to locations distance from their original site
Heredity
The transmission of traits from one generation to the next
Genetics
The scientific study of heredity and hereditary variation
Gene
A discrete unit of hereditary information consisting of a specific nucleotide sequence
Somatic cell
Any cell in a multicellular organism except a sperm or egg or their precursors
Locus
A specific place along the length of a chromosome where a given gene is located
Clone
lineage of genetically identical individuals or cells
Life cycle
The generation to generation sequence of stages in the reproductive history of an organisms, form conception to product not its own offspring
Karyotype
A display of the chromosome pairs of access arranged by size and shape
Homologous chromosomes s
A pair of chromosome of the same length, centromere position, and staining patter that posses genes of the same characters corresponding loci
Autosome
A chromosome that is not directly involved in determining sex; not a sex chromosome
Fertilization
The union of haploid gametes to produce a diploid zygote
zygote
The diploid cell produced by the union of haploid gametes during fertilization; a fertilized egg
Meiosis
A modified type of cell division in sexually reproducing organisms consisting of two rounds of cell division but only one round of DNA replication. It results in cells with half the number of chromosome sets as the original cell
Alternation of generations
A life cycle in which there is both a multicellular diploid from, the sporophyte, and multicellular haploid from, the gametophyte
Gametophyte.
In organisms that have alternation of of generations, the multicellular haploid form that produces haploid gametes by mitosis. The haploid gametes unite and develop into sporophytes
Sporophyte
In organisms that have alternation of generations, the multicellular diploid form that results from the union of gametes. The sporophytes produces haploid spores by meiosis that develop into gametophytes
Allele
Any of the alternative version of a gene that may produce distinguishable phenotypic effects
Synapsis
The paring and physical connections of duplicate homologous chromosomes during prophase I of meiosis
Crossing over
The reciprocal exchange of genetic material between non sister chromatids during prophase I of meiosis
Chisma
The X-shaped, microscopically visible region where crossing over has occurred earlier in prophase I between homologous insister chromatids
Recombinant chromosome
A chromosome created when crossing over combines DNA from two parent into a single chromosome
Character
An observable heritable feature that may vary among individuals
Trat
One of two or more detectable variants in a genetic character
True-breeding
Referring to organisms that produce offspring of the same variety over any generation of self-pollination
Hybridization
In genetics, the mating, or crossing, of two true breeding varieties
Punnett square
A diagram used in the study of inheritance to show the predicted genotypic results of random fertilization in genetic crosses between individuals of known genotype
Homozygous
Having two identical alleles for a given gene
Heterozygous
Having two different alleles for a given gene
Phenotype
The observable anatomical and physiological traits of an organism, which are determined by its genetic makeup
Genotype
The genetic makeup, or set of alleles, of an organism
Testcross
Breeding an organism of unknown genotype with a homozygous recessive individual to determined the unknown genotype. tHe ratio of phenotypes i the offspring reveals the known genotype
Monohybrid
An organisms that is heterozygous with the respect to as single gene of interest
Monohybrid cross
A cross between two organisms that are heterozygous for the character being followed
Dihybrid
An organisms that is heterozygous with respect to two genes of interest. All the offspring from a cross between parents doubly homozygous for different alleles are dihybrids
Dihybrid cross
A cross between two organisms that are each heterozygous for both of the characters being followed
Multiplication rule
A rule of probability stating that the probability of any one of two or more independent events occurring together can be determined by multiplying their individual probabilities
Addition rule
A rule of probability stating that the probability of any one of two or more mutually exclusive events occurring can be determined by adding their individual probabilities
Incomplete dominance
The situation in which the phenotype of heterozygotes is intermediate between the phenotypes of individuals homozygous for either allele
Complete dominance
The situation in which the phenotypes of the heterozygote and dominant homozygote are indistinguishable
Codominance
The situation in which the phenotypes of both alleles are exhibited in the heterozygote because both alleles affect the phenotype in separate, distinguishable ways
Pleiotropy
The ability of a siege gene to have multiple effects
Epistasis
A type of gene interaction win which the phenotypic expression of on gene alters that of another independently inherited gene
Polygenic inheritance
An additive effect of two or more genes on a single phenotypic character
Norm of reaction
The range of phenotype produced by a single genotype, due to environmental influences
Pedigree
A diagram of a family tree showing the occurrence of heritable characters in parent and offspring over multiple generations
Carrier
An individual who is heterozygous at a given genetic locus for a recessively inherited disorder. The heterozygote is generally phenotypically normal for the disorder but can pass on the recessive allele to offspring
